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Human Evolution
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What makes us human?
Anthropology has examined evidence from millions of years to develop a theory of the evolution of humanityAnthropologists have studied human biological evolution- fossil evidence (paleontology) and cultural remains (archeology)Scientific advancements now include study of DNA
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Theories of Evolution
Origin Myths/CosmologiesGreek – Prometheus
Genesis
Left: Prometheus and AthenaTop: God and Adam
Western examples
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Species Classification
Age of Exploration 15th and 16th centuries
New species of plants and animals discovered
New information classified by Carolus Linnaeus (Sweden) during 18th century
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Believed that animals and plants were fixed and could not change according to God's work
Later revised this thinking as a result of observation of cross-breeding plants = hybrids
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Theories of Evolution
DarwinEvolution theory holds that existing species of plants and animals have emerged over millions of years from simple organisms.
Darwin, On the origin of species, 1859
Charles Darwinyoutube.com/watch?v=CKDSiNf_rLohttp://www. “Darwin's Theory of Evolution: A Brief History”
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Theories of Evolution Darwin’s principle of natural selection
“Natural selection is the gradual process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment.”
For natural selection to work on a given population, there must be variety within that population and competition for strategic resources.
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Theories of Evolution Mendel’s principle of inheritance, 1856
The science of genetics explains the origin of the variety upon which natural selection operates.
By experimenting with successive generations of pea plants, Mendel came to the conclusion that heredity is determined by discrete particles, the effects of which may disappear in one generation, and reappear in the next.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QwTEKhVEDk&feature=related
“How the Body Works: Eye Colour”
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Early Primates
Prosimians (65mya)
Monkeys (35mya)
Apes (23mya)
Hominids (5mya)
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Early Primates - TraitsCommon physical primate traits:
Dense hair or fur covering
Warm-blooded
Live young
Suckle
Infant dependence
Common social primate traits:
Social life
Play
Observation and imitation
Pecking orderCommon Primate Traits
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Primate Family Tree
Crown lemurOrangutan
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Pre-hominid Evolution
Reconstruction of Australopithecus
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Hominid Evolution
Homo habilis (2.0 – 1.6mya)
H. rudolfensis (2.4-1.6mya)
H. erectus (1.9-27kyBP)
H. heidelbergensis (800-
100kyBP)
H. neanderthalensis (300-
30kyBP)
H. sapiens (130kyBP – present)
Sca
le:
Mill
ions
of
Years
BP
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Hominid EvolutionMajor Homo advances:
Brain sizeBetter bipedalismHuntingFire (H. erectus)ToolsBuilt shelters (H. heidelbergensis)Clothing (H. neanderthalensis)Language (Neanderthals?)
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Homo habilis
Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago.
612 cc brain
2.3 - 1.6 mya
first toolmaker
prognathic face, brow ridge
probable meat-eater
possibly arboreal
discovered in 1960 by Leakeys
no speech
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Homo erectus1891 - Eugene Dubois discovers H. erectus in JavaDubois calls it Pithecanthropus erectus initially, also dubbed “Java Man”dates from 1.9 mya to 27,000 years B.P.994 cc brain size (compare to 612 for H. habilis)
Photograph of Nariokotome boy, an early Homo erectus found near Lake Turkana, Kenya.
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Homo erectus – 1.9mya to 27k BPWhy was H. erectus so successful?
Less sexual dimorphism = possible pair bonds, marriageLess hair on body = wearing of furs, other clothingWearing of furs = ability to live further north
Culture is main reason H. erectus was so successful
• organization for hunting• ability to protect against
predators• control of fire?• possible campsites• tools
Distribution of H. erectus
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Homo neanderthalensisdiscovered in the Neander Valley (Tal) near Dusseldorf, 1856massive brain--about 1,400cc on averagelarge torso, short limbs, broad nasal passageslater remains show decrease in robustness of the front teeth and face, suggesting use of tools replaced teeth
The skull of the classic Neandertal found in 1908 at La Chapelle-aux-Saints.
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What happened to Neanderthals?
H. neanderthalensis coexisted with H. sapiens for at least 20,000 years, perhaps as long as 60,000 years
What happened?
Neanderthals interbred with H. sapiens
Neanderthals were killed off by H. sapiens
H. sapiens drove Neanderthals into extinction by
competition
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Homo sapiens
Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 years BP
Sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Modern – 35,000 years BP to present
Anatomically modern
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Cro-Magnon ManCro-Magnon humans
35,000 years B.P. in western Europe to 17,000 years B.P.
1,600 cc cranial capacity
Name comes from a hotel in France
Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens from Europe
Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man