Hematopoeitic Hematopoeitic SystemSystem
dr. Alya Amila Fitrie, M.Kes dr. Zulham, M.BiomedDepartment of HistologyMedical FacultyN th S t U i itNorth Sumatera University
Blood Cells
M t bl d ll l ti l h t Mature blood cells : relatively short life span → continuously replaced with the progeny of stem cells with the progeny of stem cells produced in the hematopoeitic organsorgans.
Stem CellsStem Cells
Stem cells
Pluripotential cells capable of self renewal
Remain stem
Specific, irreversiblystem
cellsirreversibly
differentiated cell types
Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cells
L h id ll
Migrate from the bone marrow to the lymphoid organ, where they proliferate : lymphocytes
Lymphoid cells
All blood cells arise from a single type of stem cell in the bone marrow →
pluripotential stem cells
Myeloid cellsy
Develop in bone marrow : granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes & megakaryocytes
Progenitor & Precursor Cells
Stem cells, pluripotential cells
Progenitor cells, unipotential or bipotential cell
Precursor cells The morphologic characteristics differentiate for the first time
Mature cells
Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
Have different chemical composition Have different chemical composition & complexHave overlapping functionsHave overlapping functionsAct mainly by :1 Stimulating proliferation of immature 1. Stimulating proliferation of immature
cells2. Supporting the differentiation of
llmaturing cells3. Enhancing the functions of mature cells.
Hematopoeitic Growth Factors (Colony-forming substances)(Colony forming substances)
Name Human Gene Location & Producing Cells
Main Biologic Activity
Granulocyte-CSF Chromosome 17 Stimulates formation of granulocytes.Enhance metabolism of granulocytesEnhance metabolism of granulocytes.Stimulates malignant (leukemic) cells.Macrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast
Granulocyte +Macrophage (GM-
Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vitro and in vivo production of granulocytes and macrophages.p g (
CSF)g y p g
T lymphocytes, Endothelium, Fibroblast
Macrophage (M-CSF) Chromosome 5 Stimulates formation of macrophages in vitro.Increases antitumor activity ofMacrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast Increases antitumor activity of macrophages.
p g , ,
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vivo and in vitro production of all myeloid cells.
T lymphocytes
Erythropoeitin (EPO) Chromosome 7 Stimulates red blood cells formation in vivo and in vitro.
Renal interstisial cells (outer cortex)
BONE MARROW
Found in the medullary canals of long bones & in the cavities of cancellous the cavities of cancellous bone.Two types of bone marrow yp:1. Red or hematogenous bone
marrow → blood & blood-a o → b ood & b oodforming cells
2. Yellow bone marrow →adipose cellsp
All newborn → red b.m.Growth : red → yellow b.m.
Red Bone Marrow
Composed of : stroma, hematopoietic cords & sinusoidal capilarries.pRelease of mature blood cells →releasing factors , e.q. C3,hormone, g , q , ,some bacterial toxins.Function : production blood Function : production blood cells,destruction of worn-out RBC & storage of iron derived from the gbreakdown of Hb.
Summary of erythrocyte maturation
Hemoglobine concentration ↑↑concentration ↑↑Nuclear volume↓graduallyg adua yChromatin condensation ↑↑Extrussion of pyknotic nucleus
Differentiation of Erythrocytes
Proerythroblast
Basophilic
Large cell, lacy chromatin, visible nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm
St l b hili t l d dBasophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic
Strongly basophilic cytoplasm, condensed nucleus, no visible nucleolus
Appear several colors in the cellPolychromatophilic erytroblast
Orthochromatophilic
Appear several colors in the cell
Condensed nucleus, no basophilic t l if l id hili t lOrthochromatophilic
erythroblast
Reticulocyte
cytoplasm, a uniformly acidophilic cytoplas
Small number of polyribosomes, nucleus (-)Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte Biconcave form, nucleus (-)
Maturation Process of Granulocytes
1. Cytoplasmic changes : synthesis of 1. Cytoplasmic changes : synthesis of a number of proteins that are packed in 2 organelles : p gazurophilic & specific granules
2. Change in synthetic activity →2. Change in synthetic activity →production of several proteins that are packed in specific granulesp p g
Differentiation of Granulocytes
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte φ larger, spherical or ovoid nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm but, locally acidophilic (+) as azurophilic granules.
Myelocyte Specific granules <<, Azurophilic >>, band nucleus
Metamyelocyte Abundant specific granules, Azurophilic’s <<, Lobulated nucleus except basophilia
Section of red bone marrow with a group of erythropoeitic cells & a group of erythropoeitic cells & a group of neutrophilopoeitic cells
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes progenitor cells
in the bonemigrate in the bone marrow
Thymus → full attributes of T
In the bone marrow, lymphocytes differentiate
migrate
attributes of T lymphocytes
lymphocytes differentiate → B lymphocytes
migrate
T lymphocytes populate spesific regions of
peripheral lymphoid
Peripheral lymphoid organs, B lymphocytes
inhabit & multiply in their
Peripheral lymphoid organs, B lymphocytes
inh bit & m ltipl in theiorgans inhabit & multiply in their own special compartmentsinhabit & multiply in their own special compartments
Monocytes
MonoblastIdentical to the myeloblast in its morphologic characteristic
Promonocyteφ up to 18 μm, basophilic cytoplasm, large & slightly indented nucleus, nucleoli are evident
differentiation
Monocyte Macrophagesbloodstream --- connective tissue
Origin of Platelets
φ 15-50 μm, large ovoid nucleus, numerous nucleoli, cytoplasm homogenous and basophilic
Differentiation
φ 35-150 μm, irregularly lobulated nucleus, coarse chromatine, no visible nucleoli
Fragmentation of the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
A megakaryocyte in a section of red bone marrow.One nucleusGranular cytoplasmGranular cytoplasm
Referensi
Basic Histology, Text and Atlas, tenth edition, Luis Carlos Junqueira & Jose , qCarneiro, 2003.Histology & Cell Biology,Kierszenbaum.E ti l f H Hi t l S d Essentials of Human Histology, Second Edition, William J.Krause, 1996.Color Atlas of Basic Histology, Second Color Atlas of Basic Histology, Second Edition, Lange, Irwin Berman, 1998.Wheather’s Functional Histology, A Text and Colour Atlas Fifth Edition Barbara and Colour Atlas, Fifth Edition, Barbara Young, et al., 2006