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How to Write Introduction
Shainn-Wei Wang, Ph.D.NCKU, College of MedicineInstitute of Molecular Medicine
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Writing & Story telling
Science: the beauty of mind-Complexity & Simplicity-Vision & Fact-Structure & Outline-Objective & Subjective- Passion & logic- Dream & Reality
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Complexity and Confusionusually go side by side
Can’t get there from here…
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Two things to keep in mindAbsolute clarity in scientific writing - Clearly stated problem & conclusion - Well ordered structure - little need for ornamentation Scientific responsibility - reproducibility
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Before writing a paper, you should have in mind a provisional title and an outline of the paper that
you propose to write
Repeated Process & Modifications
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Some experienced writers prepare their title and
abstract after the paper is written, even though by
placement these elements come first
A logic way to write
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IntroductionMaterials & Methods
Data processing
Figures & Tables(one idea one graph)
Proposal Experimental design
Justified conclusion
Provisional title & outline of research
Introduction & Discussion
Outlines of your results
Experimental designExperimental
design
Results
Outlines of your discussions
Literature search & Reference
Discussion
1
2
3
4
6
1, 6
1, 4, 6,
1
7
Brain StormLoop 2
Abstract &Title
5
Loop 1
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-A bad beginning makes a bad ending - Euripides- A good beginning arouses expectations that the body of the essay satisfies. - Both the writer and reader must have a sense that the starting point is a logical or natural one
The First Section:
Introduction
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The purpose of the Introduction is:
- To provide Sufficient background info to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the result of present study- Rationale for the present study
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Introduction is the explanation of “ the essential elements” of your research
Cut into the points
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it "Defines" for the reader what the paper (or essay) is going to address; it "Divides" the topic of the paper into the parts to be "Discussed.".
A good introduction does two things at least:
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Naturally, there are a great variety of ways to accomplish these two tasks. But the point is that a good introduction leaves readers with a good idea of what the paper is all about and how the writer intends to "attack" his topic
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The hook to gain the reader’s attention
-Why did you choose that subject ? Why is it important ?
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- Define (topic & key words) - Divide (outline main points) - Discuss (position in literature) - Drive Home (the overall design and general picture of your study)
The 4 D’s
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-The nature and scope of the problem investigated-State briefly and clearly your purpose -Review the pertinent literature to orient the reader-State the principle or particular method of the investigation -State the principl result of the investigation-State the principle conclusion(s) suggested by the results-Written in the present tense
Suggestions
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Citations & abbreviations
- should mention previous published work(s) if close related papers have been or are about to published elsewhere, you should say so in the Introduction, customarily at or toward the end- Other citation and abbreviation rules follow journal’s guide
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Ways to start the first sentence
Begin with a definition or explanation of a term relevant to your paper
Begin with an interesting fact Begin with a question Begin with an acknowledgment of an opinion
opposite to the one you plan to take Begin with a quotation. Just make sure you explain
its relevance Begin with an analogy. Make sure it's original but
not too far-fetched Begin with irony or paradox Begin with a very short narrative or anecdote that
has a direct bearing on your paper If introductions give you trouble no matter when you
do them or how you begin, sometimes it helps to construct several mini-outlines just for that paragraph and try each out to see which works best.
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Introductory paragraph
Body
Conclusion
Brainstorming - Fact - Idea
Outlines:Outlines:Outlines:
Before you write, always spend 15 to 30 minutes creating an
outline first.
What?
Where?
How? Why?
When?
Which?
Draft: Layout Define & Divide
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Outlines
-The outline will help keep your paper organized and focused and cut down on the number of rough drafts you generate.
- Use the following steps to construct your outline:
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1. Brainstorming:
- Once you have decided on a subject, brainstorm your ideas by writing down any facts, thoughts, insights you have in the brainstorming section of your outline
- In order to get started brainstorming, ask yourself questions. How does the topic affect the current theory or findings? Is it agree or against something you have learned in class?
- Effective brainstorming is to really logically think about the topic, considering as much as possible about it.
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2. Organizing & Specifying your
thoughts- Next, begin work on organizing
your introductory paragraph by answering the following questions:
- What is the research topic …- What is the definition of…- What is the problem related to...
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3. Organizing introductory paragraph
- Organize your introductory paragraph by listing points to be made in each sentence.
- Always begin with the most general, gradually getting more and more specific, until you make your very specific thesis statement
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4. Organizing the body of your paper.
-Using your thesis statement, list categories for the paragraphs in the body of your paper
-Each category should specify the position (problems or goals) of your study relative to current literatures.
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5. Plan your conclusion
- The conclusion reverses the order of the introduction, moving from a paraphrase of your thesis statement to more general statements summing up the points made in your paper
- Remember, the conclusion should remind the reader of the points that have been made in the paper, and the concluding sentence should grab the attention of not only your reviewer but a general audience.
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Example
Begin with a definition or explanation of a term relevant to your paper
RNA Incorporation Is Critical for Retroviral Particle Integrity after Cell Membrane Assembly of Gag
Complexes
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2nd paragraph:
Define more specific terms related to theResearch topic
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3rd paragraph
Communicate with the literature about RNA packaging mutantsin the assembly and packaging process
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4th paragraph
Specify the the role of RNA in packaging and assembly and the problem(s) involvedin the current research
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5th paragraph
Conclusion:Drive home and give overall picture of the study
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Example
1th paragraph
Nucleocapsid-RNA Interactions Are Essential to Structural Stabilitybut Not to Assembly of Retroviruses
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2nd paragraph
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3rd paragraph
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4th paragraph
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5th paragraph
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6th paragraphconclusion
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ExampleAnnexin 2: a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Binding Protein Involved in Replication in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
1st paragraph
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2nd paragraph
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小路
See you next time
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Continue…