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HOW TO REFLECT
Connie Smith
Colourbox.com
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Intended learning outcomes
Are that you will:
• Start talking about reflection
• Know how to reflect to enhance your mood & job
satisfaction
• Know how to reflect to improve your work performance
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Signposting the session
1. Consider why we need to reflect & its benefits
2. Critique a real written reflection (adapted for privacy)
3. The evidence for reflection
4. How to reflect
5. Challenges
6. Reflect on the session & perhaps revisit our critique
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The human brain
• Name the causes of lower abdominal pain
• For which are there more words – words beginning with r
or words with r in the middle of them?
• www.criticalthinking.org
Readanddigest.com
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Albert Einstein 1979 - 1955
“Education is not the
learning of facts, but the
training of the mind to
think”
Strangenotions.com
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Reflecting on a complaint
The complaint…has been thought provoking and
confidence sapping. I cannot help feeling slightly aggrieved
that it was taken to the level it was…
I will definitely record more detail in the patient’s notes
including records of brief telephone calls and emails. The
complaint snowballed from nothing and although I
immediately apologized to the patient, despite my inner
feelings that there was nothing to apologies for, the patient
became increasingly irritated and made further
complaints…
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What is the point in reflecting?
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Benefits of reflection
• Emotional (self-awareness/management, increased
resilience)
• Improved health
• Improves our interpersonal skills
• Enhanced thinking
• Adapt habitual patterns of behaviour
• We can understand or even shape our surroundings
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2 backbone philosophies of reflection
(Moon, 2000)
Experience
DEWEY
Schön Argyris
HABERMAS
Freire
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The 1st philosophy: John Dewey (1859 –
1952)
“How we think” (1910 &
1933)
Biography.com
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John Dewey’s metaphorical forked road
(1910, 1933)
Davidsaville.co.uk
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Schön’s swampy lowlands (Schon1984)
Lovethesepics.com
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Argyris and Schon 1974: 2 theories of
practice
1. Theories-in-use (tacit)
2. Espoused theories – what we say if some asked me
how I’d behave
Double loop learning/critical reflection/reflexivity - to
unearth theories in use
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The 2nd philosophy: Jürgen Habermas
(born 1929) (Moon, 2000)
• Achieve empowerment
and political
emancipation
• Recognise dominant
and hegemonic
ideologiesEurekalert.org
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Hegemony (Stephen Brookfield 2012)
• Critically reflect to uncover & challenge power dynamics
that inform behaviour
• Western work ideology
• Hegemony – colluding in our own oppression by acting in
ways we assume to be in our best interests because they
are part of the dominant culture (but are indeed harmful).
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The role of emotion in reflection (Bolton,
2014)
Crimeandinvestigation.co.uk
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Choosing a method of reflection (Sandars
2009)
Workpuzzle.com
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Using metaphor to reflect (Bolton, 2014)
Why did the new Swiss
Bank, Sofia choose this
metaphor?
Mcom103.blogspot.co.uk
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Reflecting through metaphor (Bolton,
2014)• If your work were an animal what would it be?
• What if it was a food? Or a season?
• What does this tell you about your work?
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Using narrative (stories) to reflect (Bolton,
2014)
• Our values and principles- in -use are embedded in our stories
• We don’t narrate things as they are because we see things as
we are.
• Look for the motivations, beliefs, values & assumptions in our
stories
• Compare the experience with previous experiences to look for
dominant ideologies
•
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Single loop reflection (Argyris & Schon,
1974) • Problem solving
• What? So what? Now what? Then return to what?
• Develops awareness and more appropriate actions (but it
ignores theories in use)
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Double loop reflection (reflexivity): the
Mobius Strip (Argyris & Schon, 1974)
• Why? Why? Why?
• To question our own and our organisation’s values in use
• Challenge assumptions & values in practice
• Look for dominant ideologies
Youtube.com
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Tips on reflective writing (Bolton, 2014)
• Your writing precedes your thinking
• The first experience that comes into your mind
• Write without thinking
• Only content matters
• Describe what happened (in detail)
• Describe your emotional reaction
• Respect & be kind to yourself, avoid being judgemental
• Date & keep it safely
• Suspend your disbelief
•
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Ideas (G.Bolton, 2014)
1. Letters you don’t send
2. Letter to an imaginary mentor and the letter he/she writes back to you
3. Something went wrong? Rewrite the story of it going right
4. Patient complaint? Write the story from the patient’s perspective (to perceive their perspective)
5. Trouble with a colleague? Write the story from the colleague’s perspective
6. Feeling upset? Write the experience from the perspective of your mug
7. Writing fictions can help us explore, eg. we can change gender in our stories.
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What stops us from reflecting?
• The medical conceptualization of reflection
• Over valuation of science and rational thought
• Over valuation of “doing” & concrete achievements over
thinking/imagination
• Organisational mind-sets of control rather than reflection
(Ref: Senge’s Learning organisations)
• It makes us feel vulnerable or threatened
• Medico-legal concerns
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Overcoming the personal challenges to
reflection • Our own fears and inhibitions
• Being risk aversive
• Fearing incompetence or ridicule
• Lack of time
• Reflection can reveal embarrassing, even shameful
issues
• Assessments control us
• Lack of time
• It can involve loss of identity, an element of what makes
us who we are.
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Missed diagnosis of cancer
• The complaint…has been thought provoking and
confidence sapping. I cannot help feeling slightly
aggrieved that it was taken to the level it was…
• I will definitely record more detail in the patient’s notes
including records of brief telephone calls and emails. The
complaint snowballed from nothing and although I
immediately apologized to the patient, despite my inner
feelings that there was nothing to apologies for, the
patient became increasingly irritated and made further
complaints…
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Revisiting the intended learning outcomes
Are that you will:
• Start talking about reflection
• Know how to reflect to enhance your mood & job
satisfaction
• Know how to reflect to improve your work performance
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References• Argyris, C & Schon, D. (1974) Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional
Effectiveness. Jossey- Bass: San Francisco
• Bolton, G. (2014) Reflective Practice, 4th Edn. Sage: London (also Gillie’s website at http://gilliebolton.com/)
• Brookfield, S.D. (2012) Teaching for Critical Thinking: Tools and Techniques to Help Students Question their Assumptions. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley
• Dewey, J, (1910) How We Think. D.C. Heath & Co. Available at: https://archive.org/details/howwethink000838mbp
• Moon, J.A.(2000) Reflection in Learning and Professional Development: Theory and Practice. Routledge: Oxford
• Sandars, J. (2009) The use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44. Medical Teacher, 31, 685-695
• Schon, D (1984) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books: New York