1
How Singapore and London Have Used Congestion Pricing to Reduce Congestion and Improve
the Environment
by Michael ReplogleTransportation Director
Environmental Defense Fund
June 27, 2008Edition of 21 June 2008
©Michael Replogle
2
Singapore in the 70’s…
Source: LTA
Singapore today…
Source: LTA
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Traffic Volume to CBD (AM Peak) Vehicle Population Car Population
ALS implementation (June 1975)
ERP implementation (Sept 1998)
(Before ALS)Data are scaled to 100 for base year 1975 (before ALS)
Singapore Traffic
1975: Singapore Adopts World’s First Area License
4
1989: Expanded & Reformed Area License
System
Bus services improvedCarpool exemption withdrawnFee cut but applied to both evening and morning peak hours
Full day operation 7:30am-7:00pm with off-peak discount
1994
5
1998: Singapore Adopts World’s Most Comprehensive Electronic Road Pricing System
In-Vehicle Unit & Cash Card
Enforcement Cameras
33 Gantries in 1998
Simple Use by Motorists
Simple to use cash card
6
ERP: Automating Attendant-Free Paid Parking
ALS: 1975 area license system
ERP: 2005 electronic road pricing
7
2005-2008: Coverage of ERP Expanded
48 Charging Points October 2005
8
• Ensure use of road space is optimised • Review at 3-monthly intervals
65 kph45 kph
Increase Decrease
Expressways
30 kph20 kph
Increase DecreaseCBD/
Other Roads
Review of ERP Rates
5 am
Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
StopStop--andand--Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad Pollution Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad Pollution
9
5 am
6 am
Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
Motorway At Peak Efficiency: Motorway At Peak Efficiency: Throughput at 6 am at 8000 vehicles/hour
5 am
6 am
7 am
Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
¼¼ of Motorway Productivity Lost by 7amof Motorway Productivity Lost by 7am
10
5 am
6 am
7 am
8 am
Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
Half of Motorway Productivity Lost by 8amHalf of Motorway Productivity Lost by 8am
5 am
6 am
7 am
8 am
9 am
Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
StopStop--andand--Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad PollutionGo Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad PollutionFull productivity not restored until after 9 am Full productivity not restored until after 9 am
11
Siting Charging Points and Adjusting Tolls to Keep the Rush in Rush Hour
Congestion Pricing of New Road Capacity
Spurs more traffic and GHG emissions while leaving many stuck in congestion
12
Traffic in Peak Hours on Eastbound SR91 Friday Afternoons 2004
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
CongestedGeneral Purpose
Lanes
Toll ManagedLanes
Vehi
cles
Per
Hou
r Per
Lan
e
2 toll managed lanes carry as much peak hour traffic – at 3 times the speed - as moved in 4
free, but congested lanesAverage Traffic Speed Peak Hours Eastbound
SR 91 Friday Afternoons 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CongestedGeneral
Purpose Lanes
Toll ManagedLanes
Mile
s Pe
r Hou
r
Report to Congress on the Value Pricing Pilot Program Through March 2004, US Federal Highway Administration (2004), available at:http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/cops/hcx.nsf/All+Documents/AD276ECC2E3A077885257005006B5614/$FILE/March%202004%20Report%20of%20Congress.pdf
If all lanes are managed, free-flow travel is assured at lower toll level and revenues can go to better transit options, with money left over
for subsidies/tax-credits targeted to lower income travelers
Singapore ERP Charging Points
June 2008
Over 70 by end of 2008
13
ERP: Supporting Transit & Transit Oriented Development
ERP: Improving Transit Reliability and Information
14
ERP: Concurrent with New Underground
Motorway Construction
Increase toll ratesCut fixed car taxesHigher toll incrementSlow motor vehicle growth rateMove to full network GPS-based tolling
Future Directions
15
London’s Congestion Charging Zone (2003):
30% less congestion21% less traffic Better bus serviceNet revenue USD$250 m/year for transit
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/fifth-annual-impacts-monitoring-report-2007-07-07.pdf
London Cordon Charge Timescale for Implementation: 2 years
Retail Go-Live
200220012000 2003
Deloitte appointedas TFL adviser
Programme Management
Procurement
Advisory Services
Solution design, developmentand implementation
01 / 0312 / 00
12 / 01
08 / 02
10 / 02 02 / 03
17th Feb 2003 – Scheme Go-Live
Enquiries Go-Live
Pre Go-Live for Website, PRContact awarded to Capita
Retail Go-Live
200220012000 2003
Deloitte appointedas TFL adviser
Programme Management
Procurement
Advisory Services
Solution design, developmentand implementation
01 / 0312 / 00
12 / 01
08 / 02
10 / 02 02 / 03
17th Feb 2003 – Scheme Go-Live
Enquiries Go-Live
Pre Go-Live for Website, PRContact awarded to Capita
Source: Derek Turner Consulting
16
London Charging Zone Monitored by Digital Cameras
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology
A294 BEC
A294BEC
A294 BEC
Source: Derek Turner Consulting
Bus Speeds Mon - Fri AM peak
0
4
8
12
16
Charging Zone Inner Ring Road
km/h
r
Last year
This year
Peak Time Bus Speed & Reliability Up 20% in First Year
Source: Derek Turner Consulting
BeforeAfter
17
LondonLondon’’s CO2 Reduction Goals:s CO2 Reduction Goals:-- 20% by 201620% by 2016-- 60% by 202560% by 2025
London CityLondon City--Wide Low Wide Low
Emission ZoneEmission Zone
Heavy trucks failing Euro-II emission standard pay $400/day50,000 trucks/week monitored8% initially subject to fee
USD $98 m set up cost$20 m/yr. operating cost$96 m/yr. est. revenue
City-wide effective Feb. 2008
18
Proposed CO2 Charging ZoneProposed CO2 Charging ZoneProposed October 2008 Launch Likely Delayed
What’s It Take For Congestion Pricing to Work and Enhance Equity and Environment?
Political commitment and strong project managementCongestion charging as part of overall strategy to expand travel choice and boost performanceEffective public information and marketingTargeted use of revenues to enhance travel & housing opportunities, or tax credits for lower income people
19
AcknowledgementsThe author appreciates the help of the Land Transport
Authority, LTA Academy, MSI Global, Derek Turner Consulting, and Transport for London for willingness to permit the use of
graphic or copyrighted materials contained in this presentation.Thanks to Eddie Lim, Chow Kuang Loh, Gopinath Menon, Paul
Barter, and Derek Turner.
All opinions expressed are solely those of the author.
For further information contact:
Michael Replogle, Transportation DirectorEnvironmental Defense Fund
1875 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009 USA 202-387-3500