Assumptions, Frameworks, and Methodologies
Nisheeth KumarKnowledge Links, India
How Secure Is Water in Rural India ? Program Initiatives
and Pathways
04/10/231
INDIA: some facts
• More than 1000 million people
• 617 districts
• 35 states and union territories
• Around 700 million people live in more than10,00,000 villages in rural areas.
• Around 400 million people live on less than 1$ a day.
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INDIA: some facts
• 638 million (578 million in rural areas) people defecate in the open (as per the Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO 2010)
• 362,000 children die of diarrhoea every year
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Programme Initiatives
1972-1986: Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP)
1986-1998: ARWSP and Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP)
1999-2002: Sector Reform Programme (SRP) and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
Programme Initiatives
2002-2010: Swajaldhara and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
2006-2010: National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme (NRDWM&SP)
2009-2012: National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)
On-going since 1999: Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
Programme Features
1972-1986
Provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural community Creation of infrastructure i.e. large water supply systemsHabitation: not covered (NC); partially covered (PC) and fuly covered
(FC)Implementation agency: Public Health Enginering Department (PHED)
Programme Features
1991-1992
Provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural community Creation of infrastructure i.e. large water supply systemsHabitation: not covered (NC); partially covered (PC) and fuly covered (FC)Implementation agency: Public Health Enginering Department (PHED)Water qualityAppropriate technologyHuman resource development
Programme Features
1999-2000 (sector reform programme in 69 districts across 18 states on a pilot basis)
Community involvement in planning, implementation and management of drinking water supply schemes
Programme Features
2002 (scaled up as Swajaldhara across all the states)
Community involvement in planning, implementation and management of drinking water supply schemes
Programme Features
2009 (National Rural Drinking Water Programme-NRDWP)
Shift in focus from habitations to households: ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity
Decentralised and demand driven
Sustainability of the source, system, finance and management
Framework for implementation: movement towards ensuring people’s drinking water security in rural India
Programme Features
2005 (National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme-NRDWQM&SP)
Launched in February 2005-now merged with NRDWP
All drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a year for chemical contamination
Programme components: Information, education and communication (IEC), HRD and Field Test Kits (FTKs)
Conclusion
Programme design is faulty and is not going to work
Policy in order to be implemented needs to be based on an informed understanding of how things work within the existing institutional arrangement.
Liquid dynamics needs to include ‘institutional’, as it is the critical variable for producing results on the ground.
Institutional factor is the one that determines social, technological and environmental.
Thanks
04/10/2313