Download - How (not) to lie with visualization
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How (not) to lie with visualization
cs5764: Information Visualization
Chris North
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How (not) to lie with visualization
• Show and tell
• “USA Today” graphs…
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Stock Market Crash?!
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
$9000
8875
8750
8625
8500
Market
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Showing entire scale
$10,000
7500
5000
2500
0
Market
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
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Shown in context
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
$10,000
7500
5000
2500
0
Market
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Another example
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Percentages: 0% – 100%Employment rate = 100 – unemployment rate
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Tufte’s Rule
• Visual attribute value should be directly proportional to data attribute value
• Lie factor = (visual effect) / (data effect)
• truth = 1.0
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Company financial status
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The hidden 0-points
• Lie factor = ?
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Changing Scale
13
0.5?
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ChangingScale
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…with linear time scale
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Down = Bad ?
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Make it explicit
B
ette
r
Other examples: user performance, questionnaire results
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Logarithmic data log scale
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Size Encoding
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Size Encoding: height or area?
= ?
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Size Encoding
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Height or Area
• Height = valueWidth = valueArea = value2
or
• Area = valueheight*width = valueheight = width = value 0.5
Problem:Using 2 dimensions to represent 1 dimension.
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Volume encoding?
Height?Diameter? Surface area?Volume?
73 – 79 data difference = 5.5x73 – 79 volume difference = 270x
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Problem with size encoding
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Height
Area
Volume
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Height & width encoding1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Height
Height & Width
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Solution: just use height
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Size Encoding
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A Propaganda Classic
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Hmmm…
• Low rank = good!
• Different time scales
• Not really tuition
• Artistic mood
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How not to lie
• Show entire scale
• Show data in context
• Consistent, linear scale• Log scale for log data
• Up vs. down: indicate direction of improvement
• Avoid size encoding• Use height OR width
• Don’t use both for same data attribute
• Avoid area, volume encoding
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Visualization = Communication
• Communication is person dependent
• People have a lot of “baggage”
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Expectations
Parisin the
the spring
Lifeis a
a highway
Nowis the
the time
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Re-training
• Red spades, black hearts
• Poor user performance even after being told
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Orientation
• Who are they?
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Orientation
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Verbal-visual conflict
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Fun with illusions
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Is the grid OK?
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Can you see gray squares?
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A man playing saxophone or a woman’s head?
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A head or a boy?
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2, or 1 face?
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Duck facing left or hare to the right?
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Horrible!!! A woman before the mirror??
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Young or old lady?
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It is said there are nine faces in this picture
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Will you go through it from left to right or from right to left?
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One vase or two faces?
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Can you build this?
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Where is the high land?