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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY,LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
Report on Archaeological Watching Brief
November 2006Ref: 61090.04MOL# - HNA04
Wessex Archaeology
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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY
CITY ROAD
LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
Prepared on behalf of:
Carden and Godfrey
9 Broad Court,Long Acre,
London,
WC2B 5PY
By
Wessex Archaeology in LondonUnit 113
The Chandlery,
50 Westminster Bridge Road
London
SE1 7QY
Museum of London Site Code
HNA04
REF 61090.04
November 2006
Wessex Archaeology Limited 2006.Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786
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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY
CITY ROAD
LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
Table of Contents
Non Technical Summary .....................................................................iii
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................iv
1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................5
1.1 Project Background ...................................................................................5
1.2 Planning Background ................................................................................5
1.3 Site Location, Topography and Geology..................................................5
2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND .........................................................6
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................6
2.2 Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age (1100 - 400 BC).................................6
2.3 Romano-British (AD 43 - 410) ..................................................................6
2.4 Medieval (1066 - 1499) ...............................................................................7
2.5 Post-Medieval / Modern (1500 to present)...............................................8
3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................10
4 PROJECT METHODS.....................................................................................11
4.1 Health and Safety.....................................................................................11
4.2 Methodological Standards.......................................................................11
4.3 Fieldwork..................................................................................................12
4.4 Finds Collection and Retention...............................................................135 RESULTS...........................................................................................................13
5.1 Character of Sequence and Site Stratigraphy.......................................13
5.2 Natural Geology .......................................................................................14
5.3 Romano-British Period (AD 43 410) ...................................................14
5.4 Medieval Period (1066 1499)................................................................14
5.5 Post-Medieval Period (1500 - 1799)........................................................15
5.6 Modern Period (1800 - present)..............................................................15
6 FINDS .................................................................................................................16
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................16
6.2 Pottery.......................................................................................................16
6.3 Clay Pipes..................................................................................................186.4 Glass ..........................................................................................................18
6.5 Other Finds...............................................................................................18
7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................21
8 ARCHIVE ..........................................................................................................22
10 APPENDIX 1: TRENCH SUMMARY TABLES...........................................25
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Figures and Plates
Figure 1 Site location map
Figure 2 Site plan showing Archaeological Interventions
Figure 3 South facing section 1 along northern edge of SiteFigure 4 Plate 1: C19th Brick wall
Plate 2: South Facing Section showing quarry pits (110 & 135),
C19th cess pit & in situ brick earth
Figure 5 Plate 3: In situ brick earth overlying natural gravels
Plate 4: South facing section of quarry pit (219)
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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY
CITY ROAD
LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
Non Technical Summary
Wessex Archaeology (London) was commissioned by Carden and Godfrey on behalf
of the Honourable Artillery Company to carry out an archaeological watching brief on
groundwork at the Armoury Room Project, the Honourable Artillery Company, City
Road, EC1, in the London Borough of Islington, centred on NGR 532720 182188.
The results of the watching brief reaffirm the development history of the Site,
postulated in Wessex Archaeologys earlier evaluation (Wessex Archaeology, 2004)
and the desk-based conservation plan (Wessex Archaeology, 2002) and is broadly
similar to the sequence recorded in other archaeological works carried out in the area.
The earliest evidence of human activity on Site comprised three sherds of residual
Roman pottery uncovered in later postmedieval contexts.
A series of rectangular quarry pits was uncovered, cut into the underlying brick earth
and gravel deposits of the natural geology. Finds from the initial silting up of these
features have given a medieval date for their abandonment. These pits were
subsequently reused as rubbish pits and contained pottery dating to the 16 th -17th
centuries.
The subsequent archaeological sequence on Site was characterised by a series of
dumps and levelling deposits which sealed the quarry pits. These deposits, which have been dated to the 16th - 17th centuries, contained large quantities of ashes and coal
fragments and were almost certainly derived from the raking out of domestic fires,
domestic refuse and building rubble.
Evidence of ironworking was also retrieved, but no associated structures were
observed.
No human remains were observed during the watching brief and it would appear that
the former Bunhill burial ground did not extend on to the Site.
The watching brief found very few structural remains, those observed included the
remains of a 19th century brick cess pit or soak away, several brick walls, a capped
well and two brick lined culverts.
Brick earth deposits were only present in the north eastern corner of the Site. This insitu deposit was observed to slope up towards the east (from 16.00m aOD to 16.30maOD).
Natural geological deposits comprising coarse sandy and clayey gravels were
recorded across the entire Site, at a height of between 15.60m aOD and 15.40m aOD.
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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY
CITY ROAD
LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
Acknowledgements
Wessex Archaeology (London) would like to thank Olga Vladic-Weal of Carden and
Godfrey for commissioning the project, and Mike Rosier and Dennis Mulvihill of
Kilby and Gayford for their assistance on Site. Wessex Archaeology would also like
to acknowledge the help and assistance of Christy Leo and the other site staff of
Modebest Ltd.
The assistance of Diane Walls the English Heritage Archaeological Advisor to
Islington Borough Council was also gratefully received.
Lawrence Pontin managed the project for Wessex Archaeology. Cornelius Barton,Gary Evans, Phil Frickers and Hilary Valler undertook the fieldwork. The finds were
analysed by Lorraine Mepham (Finds Manager).
Gary Evans compiled the report and the illustrations were produced by Mark
Roughley.
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HONOURABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY
CITY ROAD
LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology (London) was commissioned by Carden and Godfrey
on behalf of the Honourable Artillery Company (the Client) to undertake an
archaeological watching brief on groundwork associated with the
construction of a basement beneath the Albert Room at the Honourable
Artillery Company, City Road, London Borough of Islington, EC1 2BQ (the
Site) centred on NGR 532720 182188 (Figure 1).
1.1.2 This report sets out the results of the watching brief, which was carried out
between 12th September 2005 and 17th May 2006.
1.2 Planning Background
1.2.1 The watching brief was undertaken on the request of English Heritage as a
condition of planning permission for redevelopment of the Site. This stems
from the fact that the Site lies within an Archaeological Priority Zone (APZ)
as defined within the London Borough of Islington Unitary Development
Plan, and partly as a result of archaeological works in the vicinity of the Sitewhich recorded evidence of Romano-British, medieval and post-medieval
activity.
1.2.2 A Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was prepared by Wessex
Archaeology (Wessex Archaeology, 2005, ref 59020.01) detailing the
objectives, methods and resourcing of the watching brief. This was approved
by the English Heritage Archaeological Advisor to Islington Borough
Council prior to the commencement of the project.
1.3 Site Location, Topography and Geology
1.3.1 The Site is rectangular in shape, covering c. 920m. It comprises theArmoury House, the headquarters of the Honourable Artillery Company,
including the Albert Room to the north and the Sergeants Cottage to the
west. To the south, the Site fronts on to the large open space of the
Honourable Artillery Companys Parade and Sports Ground. Whilst to the
east, it is bordered by the Finsbury Barracks. To the west, the eastern wall of
the recently built, Holmes Place Leisure Centre (formerly the site of a
Vicarage) forms the Sites western boundary. The southern boundary wall of
the Bunhill Fields forms the northern edge of the Site (Figure 1).
1.3.2 The Sites present topography is flat and the present ground surface on Sitelies at c.18m (aOD). However, a marked slope can be seen leading up from
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the Parade Ground in front of the Armoury Building to the Honourable
Artillery Companys City Road entrance.
1.3.3 The drift geology underlying the Site consists of Holocene alluvial (Brick
earth) deposits; these overlay river gravels, which in turn overlay deposits of
London Clay (BGS, Sheet 256).
2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 The Site lies some 600m north of the historic City of London in an area
which has produced evidence of human activity dating from the Late Bronze
Age through to the medieval and post-medieval periods.
2.2 Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age (1100 - 400 BC)
2.2.1 A collection of struck flints, fire cracked stones and a number of sherds
dating to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age (1100-400 BC) represent
the earliest evidence of human activity recorded in the vicinity of the Site.
These finds were uncovered during the construction of the underground car
park at the northern end of the Honourable Artillery Companys Sports
Ground in the 1990s (Museum of London Site Code HAC 95) (Philp, 1996,
73-88).
2.3 Romano-British (AD 43 - 410)
2.3.1 The Site lies 600m to the north of the line of the late 2nd
early 3rd
century,Roman city wall. The construction of the Roman city wall appears to have
seriously changed and possibly obstructed the natural drainage pattern of the
area, particularly the course of the Walbrook River, leading to the creation of
an area of marshy ground to the north of the wall, later called the Moorfields
Marsh. There is evidence that the area frequently flooded in the 3rd century
and that attempts to drain the area in the 4 th century failed. The collecting
area or natural spring line for the Walbrook stream lies immediately to the
south of the Honourable Artillery Companys Sports Ground (MoLAS, 1994,
22).
2.3.2 Excavations to the north of the Roman city wall have uncovered evidence oflarge scale land consolidation at Triton Grange, Bonhill Street (MoL Site
Code BON 76) (Wessex Archaeology, 2002, 30) as well as a series of Roman
cemeteries and quarries in the Moorgate/Finsbury Circus area (MoLAS,
2000, 164). How far this area of extra mural Roman cemeteries and
quarrying extended is not known, but Roman activity has been identified
close to the Site, including a series of quarrying pits at 2-14, Bunhill Row
(MoL Site Code BNH88) uncovered at a depth of approximately 3m below
the present ground surface. The stratigraphic position of the quarry pits,
below thick clay layers, suggested that they pre-dated the build-up of marsh
deposits which are thought to have developed in this area after the
construction of the Roman city wall (DGLA, 1988). Similar quarry pits wereuncovered to the south west of the Honourable Artillery Company grounds at
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25-32, Chiswell Street (MoL Site Code CSU96 (Wessex Archaeology, 2002,
30).
2.3.3 Within the Honourable Artillery Ground itself, a small piece of a Roman
tegula (roof tile) was found in a 17th century rubbish deposit uncovered
during work on the underground car park (Philp, 1996). Another fragment ofRoman tegula, dated to 2nd or early 3rd century AD, was found in a medievalquarry pit during work on the site of the former Vicarage, now Holmes Place
Leisure Centre (MoL Site Code BRV98) (MoLAS, 2000).
2.4 Medieval (1066 - 1499)
2.4.1 The marshy land known as Moorfields Marsh, which is first mentioned in a
charter of William I, defined the nature of the area throughout the medieval
period. William FitzStephen describes the marsh in the 12th century as a
place where the youths of London engaged in winter sports when it froze
over (Clark, 1989).
2.4.2 Numerous attempts to drain the marsh were made in the medieval period, but
references to youths taking part in winter sports (presumably skating) on the
marsh when it froze in winter (Clark,Ibid) and to boats on the marsh in the14th century show that this was not a permanent solution.
2.4.3 By the 14th century, the marsh or fen at Finsbury was leased out by the
City of London, although it was recorded as being a waste and unprofitable
ground (MoLAS, 1994, 25). In 1365, the Pelterers Guild decreed that
leatherworkers should live and work in the Walbrook area to the north of the
City, a move which probably led to an increase in efforts at land reclamation.
2.4.5 In 1415, drainage had advanced sufficiently for individual garden allotments
on the moor to be let at a proper rent. A new entrance, the Moorgate, was
built within the city wall by Lord Mayor Thomas Falconer to facilitate access
to this land. A programme of ditch digging and cleaning, undertaken in 1477,
led to much improved drainage in the area (Wessex Archaeology, 2002, 11).
2.4.6 A number of the finds dated to the medieval period have been found in the
vicinity of the Site, including several medieval quarry pits containing leather
working waste at 25-32 Chiswell Street (Wessex Archaeology, 2002, 30) and
a series of redeposited brick earth deposits containing fragments of medieval peg tile at 18-30 Leonard Street (MoL Site Code LNE00) (Wessex
Archaeology, 2002, 30). Two large quarry pits containing preserved leather
working waste, worked bone, antler and horn working waste have been found
to the west of the Site in Bunhill Row (MoL Site Code BUW98) (Wessex
Archaeology, 2002, 30).
2.4.7 Evidence for medieval activity has also been identified within the grounds of
the Honourable Artillery Company itself, including 14th century pottery
uncovered during an archaeological evaluation between Finsbury Barracks
and Armoury House (MoL Site Code: TAC92) (MoLAS, 1992), and a series
of 17 quarry pits cut into the underlying natural brick earth and gravelsuncovered during work on the Vicarage/ Holmes Place Leisure Centre. These
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pits contained fragments of tiles dated to 1180-1480 as well as pottery from
1480-1550 (MoLAS, 2000).
2.4.8 A medieval buried soil and other deposits were found during the construction
of the underground car park to the south east of the Site. These were
observed at a depth of 1m to 1.50m below the present ground surface andwere interpreted by their excavator as evidence of medieval agricultural
land (Philp, 1996).
2.5 Post-Medieval / Modern (1500 to present)
2.5.1 During the early post-medieval period the area was essential open land and
we know that in 1497, gardens and orchards to the north of Chiswell Street
were cleared to make way for archery practice (MoLAS, 1994, 26).
2.5.2 The medieval manor house of Finsbury Court lay to the south of the present
Sports Ground of the Honourable Artillery Company, and is depicted on theCopperplate Map of 1561 (not illustrated).Three large fields are shown to the
north and east of the manor, these were later known as Finsbury, Mallow and
Bunhill Fields.
2.5.3 The area was subject to flooding, which continued to be a problem for much
of the period. In an attempt to alleviate this problem a programme of ditch
digging was undertaken in 1512, when the City acquired the lease of
Finsbury Manor from the Chancellor of St. Pauls. These ditches, which are
recorded as having associated bridges, are probably those shown in the
Copperplate map of 1551 (not illustrated). Further attempts were made to
improve drainage in 1527, when the Lord Mayor of London, Sir ThomasSeymour banned the dumping of rubbish in the area and used a series of
sluices to channel water into the Walbrook. This proved effective, and
allowed reclamation of large areas of the moor during the 16th century. The
materials used in this reclamation are recorded in Maitlands (1793) Historyof London as including more than a thousand cartloads of bones from thecharnel house of St Pauls, which were dumped in an area known as
Windmill Hill, and were covered in dirt from the street (Wessex
Archaeology, 2002, 12).
2.5.4 Archaeological investigations have provided evidence for the extent of
Moorfields Marsh. At 2-14 Bunhill Row, some 200m to the south west of theSite, a 1m - 2m thick clay deposit uncovered 1m below ground surface has
been interpreted as evidence of the Moorfields Marsh itself. These were
sealed by deposits of dark ash, sand and clay, thought to represent the
infilling of the Marsh (DGLA, 1988). However, work undertaken at the
Finsbury Barracks (MoLAS, 1992) and the former Vicarage (MoLAS, 2000)
suggest that the Marsh did not extend as far north as the Site.
2.5.5 Further evidence of post-medieval activity in the vicinity comes from a
number of sites. These include a series of levelling and/or dumping deposits
and pits at 2532 Chiswell Street, 19-23 Worship Street (MoL Site Code
WOP88) and 11-23 City Road (MoL Site Code CIY98) and a 17th century
brick lined soak away at 45 Tabernacle Street (MoL Site Code TNS00)
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(Wessex Archaeology, 2002, 30-31).
2.5.6 Closer to the Site, a 0.25m-1m thick, black ashy soil deposit containing 17th
century pottery, clay tobacco pipe, occasional pieces of metal, glass and
building rubble was observed during work on the underground car park to the
south east. This deposit was interpreted as domestic rubbish, perhaps mixedwith industrial fire-debris. thought to represent infilling and levelling of that
part of the Honourable Artillery Company grounds perhaps to prevent
flooding in the late 17th century (Philp, 1996).
2.5.7 Immediately to the east of the Site, work at the Finsbury Barracks, identified
the remains of a large refuse pit, a possible 16 th century ice-house, a 17th
century vaulted brick drain and occupation surfaces, which were all thought
to date from the first 50-70 years of the Honourable Artillery Companys
occupation of the Site (MoL Site Code TAC92) (MoLAS, 1994).
2.5.8 To the west, work on the site of the former Vicarage (MoLAS, 2000)uncovered evidence for 14 pits, interpreted as a result of quarrying. These
were backfilled with refuse, and appeared to date to the period just, prior to
the occupation of the Site by the Honourable Artillery Company. A series of
metalled surfaces sealed some of these pits and were thought to date to the
16th or 17th century.
2.5.9 Evidence of iron working, possibly associated with the nearby Armoury, was
uncovered during Wessex Archaeologys evaluation (Wessex Archaeology,
2004, ref. 57630.01) in the northwest corner of the Site. This comprised
fragments of smelted iron slag and a fragment of a crucible. These were
retrieved from the fill of an 18th
-19th
century cellar.
2.5.10 Wessex Archaeologys evaluation produced no evidence for human activity
earlier than the 16th17th centuries. A 2m thick sequence of late medieval /
post-medieval humic soils, organic sandy silts along with various pits,
surfaces and dump layers was recorded. The top of this sequence was
observed at 17.20m aOD and the base was at 15.10m aOD. These deposits
produced quantities of post-medieval pottery, brick and tile.
2.5.11 Early maps of the Site show it as essentially rural and the area is shown on
Agas and on Braun and Hogenbergs maps of the area, in Elizabeth I's reign,
as being covered with open fields bounded by ditches containing water, or bytracks. Other details shown include a fenced enclosure surrounding a number
of practising archers, and three post-mills (Prockter and Taylor, 1979).
2.5.12 The Honourable Artillery Company was formed in 1537 by Henry VIII,
(Weinreb & Hibbert, 1983). Their first training ground was situated to the
west and southwest of the present Spitalfields market. In 1641 the Company
was given the lease of the uppermost field in Finsbury, next to the six
windmills (Goold Walker, 1986, 51). As part of this lease, the land was
enclosed within a 15 foot high brick wall, and an armoury built shortly
afterwards.
2.5.13 The Site is depicted, on Ogilby and Morgans 1682 map (not illustrated), as
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an open space, The New Artillery Garden, separated by a wall from the
Church yard of the present day Bunhill Fields then known as Tindals
burial ground (Hyde, 1992, 12-13). This was designated as a cemetery by the
Corporation of London for use in the Great Plague, being enclosed by a brick
wall and gates in 1665-6, although it appears that no plague victims were
ever actually buried here. The ground quickly became the focus for the burialof dissenters, with nonconformists able to bury their dead without the use of
the common prayer book due to the fact that no evidence could be found of
the ground ever having been consecrated. The burial ground was closed in
1852, and is now a public open space.
2.5.14 The Site is still shown as open ground on John Rocques 1747 map of Ye
Cities of London and Westminster and the Borough of Southwark (notillustrated). On this map, a square building is shown in the centre of the Site,
several buildings, of unknown use, are also shown up against the City Road,
then called Royal Row. The northern edge of the Site is shown as garden
plots divided by walls or fences with a wall separating them from the BurialGround to the north (Hyde, 1981, 10-11).
2.5.15 By the beginning of the 19th century, the Site and the immediate area had
been built upon. A number of buildings are shown covering the Site on
Richard Horwoods 1799-1819 map of London (not illustrated). The former
gardens between the Site and the Bunhills burial ground have disappeared
and a row of houses, with small yards behind, are shown to the east of the
Site (Laxton, 1985, 10-11).
2.5.16 The central section of Armoury House was completed in 1735, having been
built to replace the 17th century Armoury that had been located in the north-west corner of the grounds. In 1802, a flag tower was added to the roof,
while the east and west wings were added in 1828, both replacing smaller,
older buildings. All three main blocks were built of brick with Portland Stone
dressings.
2.5.17 In 1850, the Sergeants Cottage was built against the west wing; this was
completely replaced in 1901 by the existing Sergeants Cottage. The
Finsbury Barracks was constructed between the Site and City Road in 1857.
The Albert Room was added to the north side of Armoury House in 1861 for
use as a drill hall, and has been modified several times.
2.5.18 By the time the 1930 Municipal Map of London (not illustrated) was
published, most of the buildings had taken their modern form, and these are
shown unchanged on the World War II Bomb Damage maps. Recent major
phases of work undertaken include the 1994/5 barrack building linking
Finsbury Barracks and Armoury House to the east of the Site and the Holmes
Place Fitness Centre in 2000 on the site of the former Vicarage.
3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
3.1.1 The overall aim of the watching brief was to establish and record, as far as
reasonably possible, any archaeological remains which survived beneath the
present ground surface, through the observation of ground works carried out
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during the re development of the Site.
3.1.2 It also sought to characterise the nature, date, depth and state of preservation
of any such features or deposits, and to retrieve where present, stratified
assemblages of finds and ecofacts.
3.1.3 More specifically it was to:
Elucidate the nature and form of any Romano-British activity on the Site,
with particular attention to evidence of brick earth quarrying;
Characterise the evidence, if present, of the former Moorfields Marsh;
Record and establish the character of any remains of medieval and postmedieval activity on Site;
Determine if any parts of the Site lay within the former Bunhill
Fields/Tindals burial ground;
Record and establish the location, extent, nature, date and significance ofany structures and buildings associated with earlier phases of the
Honourable Artillery Company on the Site. An archaeological evaluation
of the Site by Wessex Archaeology in 2004, showed the remains of
earlier structures (in this case a sub basement or cellar) beneath the
present ground surface (Wessex Archaeology, 2004, 3-4);
To characterise and record evidence of metal working activity associatedwith the deposits uncovered during Wessex Archaeologys evaluation on
Site (Wessex Archaeology, 2004, 3-4).
4 PROJECT METHODS
4.1 Health and Safety
4.1.1 Health and Safety considerations were of paramount importance in
conducting all fieldwork. Safe working practices overrode archaeological
considerations at all times.
4.1.2 All work was carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work
Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1992 and all
other relevant Health and Safety legislation, regulations and codes of practice
in force at the time.
4.1.3 Wessex Archaeology prepared a site specific Health and Safety Risk
Assessment before the commencement of the fieldwork. This was reviewed
as the project progressed.
4.1.4 As part of the Project Briefing, all staff were made aware of their
responsibilities and site-specific hazards (identified under the Risk
Assessment).
4.2 Methodological Standards
4.2.1 The evaluation and the preparation of this report was undertaken in
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accordance with the methodology set out in the WSI prepared by Wessex
Archaeology (Wessex Archaeology, 2005), which was approved in advance
by English Heritage.
4.2.2 Prior to the commencement of fieldwork, arrangements were be made with
the Museum of London and subject to agreement with the landowner fordeposition of the archive and finds, and a MoL Site Code was allotted (HNA
04).
4.2.3 All field work was undertaken and this report has been prepared in
accordance with the guidance given in the Institute of Field Archaeologist's
Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluation (as amended 2001),
Standards and Practices in Archaeological Fieldwork in London (GLAAS,
1998, Archaeological Guidance Paper 3). Archaeological Reports. (Ibid.Archaeological Guidance Paper 4), and Evaluations (Ibid. Archaeological
Guidance Paper 5).
4.3 Fieldwork
4.3.1 The fieldwork strategy is described in detail in the WSI (Wessex
Archaeology, 2005, 2-7) but in summary it involved, the monitoring of all
ground works, including machine excavation, for underpinning and capping
beams, bulk excavations, and reduce level dig across the entire Albert Room
and the South Corridor (Figure 2) down to the underlying natural geology.
4.3.2 For the purpose of recording each of these interventions was given a Trench
number (Trenches 1-39).
4.3.3 All trenches were given a unique numbering sequence, except where the
features/layers were obviously the same in different sections.
4.3.4 Features and deposits were located on the ground from known points and
features present on Ordnance Survey (OS) maps (e.g. boundaries or
buildings).
4.3.5 All excavations were monitored and if appropriate halted to allow for closer
inspection and recording to be carried out.
4.3.6 Spoil was visually scanned for finds.
4.3.7 All exposed archaeological deposits and features were recorded utilising
Wessex Archaeology's standardised context recording system.
4.3.8 A photographic and drawing record of all excavated archaeological features
and deposits was compiled. This included both scaled photographic records
along with plans and sections, drawn to appropriate scales (1:20 or 1:50 for
plans, 1:10 or 1:20 for sections).
4.3.9 The heights of all principal features and deposits were calculated in metres
above Ordnance Datum (aOD); plans/sections were annotated with ODheights. All heights in the text refer to the top of each deposit.
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4.4 Finds Collection and Retention
4.4.1 All collected finds were treated in accordance with the principles and
practices set out by the Society of Museum Archaeologists (1993), Medieval
Pottery Research Group (2001) and the Institute of Field Archaeologists
Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluations (2001).
4.4.2 Where features or deposits were clearly modern, finds were examined, noted
and discarded.
5 RESULTS
5.1 Character of Sequence and Site Stratigraphy
5.1.1 A summary of the results of the watching brief are presented below, a more
detailed context description is contained in Appendix 1: Trench SummaryTables. Fully cross-referenced site records are contained in the site archive.
5.1.2 Contexts representing the deposition, re-deposition or re-working of material,
signifying use/disuse are enclosed in round parentheses i.e. (00). Those
representing the actions of construction, reconstruction or truncation are
enclosed in square brackets i.e. [00].
5.1.3 The illustrated sections within this report have been selected as
representative sections as completely as possible with almost continuous
sections shown along the E-W axis of the Site (Figure 3).
5.1.4 The stratigraphic sequence recorded during the watching brief reaffirms the
development history of the Site postulated in the evaluation (Wessex
Archaeology, 2004) and the desk-based Conservation Plan (Wessex
Archaeology, 2002) and is broadly similar to the sequence recorded in
archaeological works carried out in the area, notably to the west of the Site
(Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS), 2000).
5.1.5 In summary, the watching brief phased sequence can be broadly
characterised as representing, from earliest to latest:
Late medieval quarrying;
Post-medieval dumping, levelling, pitting and deposit reworking;
Continuation of dumping and deposit reworking through pitting until
the construction of the Albert Room and associated outbuildings in
the mid 19th century;
Construction, use, demolition and later robbing of a 19th century cellar,
and construction of a brick lined cess pit and drains and culverts;
Construction and demolition of 20
th
century outbuildings including abrick shower block.
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5.2 Natural Geology
5.2.1 Deposits comprising orange yellow coarse sandy and clayey gravels (118)
were the earliest deposits recorded across the Site. The height of the top of
these natural geological deposits ranged from 15.60m aOD at the eastern endof the Site to 15.40m aOD at the Sites western edge. The base of these
deposits was not reached at 12.80m aOD (Figure 3, Plates 2-3).
5.2.2 This deposit was partly overlain by a deposit ofin situ brick earth (106). Thiswas only present in the north eastern corner of the Site. This light orange
brown clayey silt, which was up to 0.60m thick, was observed to slope up
towards the east (from 16.00m aOD to 16.30m aOD). In situ deposits of brick earth were not present over the remainder of the Site, although small
pockets of redeposited brick earth were observed throughout the Site. The
lack of brick earth over most of the Site is almost certainly due to quarrying
(Figure 3, Plates 2-3).
5.3 Romano-British Period (AD 43 410)
5.3.1 Evidence for this period comprised three sherds of Roman pottery. These
include a sherd of late 1st early 2nd century mortaria from quarry pit [207]
which also contained pottery dating to the late 16th - early 17th century. A
single sherd of late 1st early 2nd century Roman white ware pottery from the
Verulanium area (St. Albans) was also uncovered from a post-medievaldeposit (393) and sherd of Roman grey ware was found in quarry pit [384]
(Figure 3). All of these finds occurred in association with later artifacts,
mostly post-medieval in date, and are residual finds incorporated into latercontexts.
5.4 Medieval Period (1066 1499)
5.4.1 Assigned to this period were a number of quarry pits [274] [135] [264] [314]
[219] [384]. These were found to extend from the west of the Site with a
higher density of pits towards the western and southern edge of the Site.
Most were rectangular in plan with rounded corners, vertical sides and flat
based. They ranged in size from 4.00 m x 2.00 m to 1.00 m x 0.60m and
were up to1.20m in depth. All the pits were cut into the underlying brickearth and gravel deposits of the natural geology. After their abandonment, the
pits appear to have been left open for some time and been allowed to silt up.
The lowest fill of the majority of the pits comprised homogenous, well
sorted, light brown clay silt (259) (276) (323) (487) (281). These deposits,
which appeared to have been a result of silting, contained occasional flecks
of charcoal and small fragments of medieval red roof tile. Several of these
features contained thin deposits of redeposited natural gravels (261) (479)
(185) which sealed the lower primary fills. Most of these pits then appear to
have been used as rubbish pits. The upper fills of these pits were mostly dark
grey ashy silts, contained fragments of tile, red brick, as well as small
fragments of animal bone and oyster shell. Pottery recovered from thesedeposits has been dated to the 16th-17th centuries (Figure 3, Plates 2-3).
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5.5 Post-Medieval Period (1500 - 1799)
5.5.1 The post-medieval archaeological sequence on the Site was characterised by
a series of dumps and levelling deposits as well as a series of backfilled
rubbish pits [152] [312] [110] [132] (Figure 3). Many of these deposits
appeared to have undergone a considerable amount of later reworking after
being deposited. The dumps and levelling layers appear to have been brought
to the Site from elsewhere and there was no evidence of a build up of
agricultural or garden soils. Most of these deposits contained large quantities
of ashes, and burnt and unburnt coal fragments and were almost certainly
derived from the raking out of domestic fires or from a mixture of rake out,
domestic refuse and night soil. Other deposits included layers of demolition
and builders rubble. The relative paucity of artefacts such as animal bones or
pottery in most of these deposits suggest that the majority had been worked
over, possibly before arriving on Site and any usable items, such as animal
bones or unburned coal was salvaged. Most of the pottery from thesedumping deposits dates from the 16th - 17th centuries, the period prior to and
during the establishment of the Honourable Artillery Companys grounds in
the 1640s.
5.5.2 At the western end of the Site several deposits derived from iron working
(227) (145) were uncovered. These contained substantial quantities of iron
slag and a fragment of a ceramic crucible, no evidence of a source for these
deposits was found.
5.6 Modern Period (1800 - present)
5.6.1 This phase in the archaeological sequence was characterised by the
continuation of dumping and deposit reworking through pitting until the
construction of the Albert Room and associated outbuildings in the mid 19th
century.
5.6.2 The remains of two north-south running brick walls (147) and (143) 0.20-
0.40m wide x 1.20m long surviving to a height of 0.60m, were observed mid
way along the northern edge of Site, these probably represent the remains of
a brick lined cess pit (Figure 4, Plate 1).
5.6.3 The remains of a 0.40m wide red brick wall [325] was observed running
north-south at the northern edge of the Site. This wall was seen to lierelatively high up in the stratagraphic sequence and would appear to date to a
late phase of the Site (Figure 3).
5.6.4 The remains of a rectangular brick built structure [282/283/285] were
observed to the west of Wessex Archaeologys evaluation trench (Wessex
Archaeology, 2004, 3). This structure measured 4.50m x 2.80m in plan and
was associated with a north-south 8m long brick wall. These structures were
almost certainly the remains of a 19th century outbuilding and 20th century
shower block (Figure 4, Plate 1).
5.6.5 A brick lined barrel vaulted culvert 0.40m wide and 0.30m high [330] [329]was recorded running east-west along the external northern wall of the
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Armoury Building for c.10m before turning southwards to run beneath the
Sergeants Cottage.
5.6.6 A brick and tile lined drain or culvert [88] [38] 0.40m wide and 0.30m high
was uncovered to the east of the barrel vaulted culvert. This feature ran
parallel to the north wall of the Armoury Building some 0.30m from theouter face of the building.
5.6.7 The remains of a post-medieval brick built internal well [34] were observed
built into the outer northern wall of the Armoury Building.
5.6.8 The watching brief also uncovered evidence throughout the Site of various
20th century services, sewer trenches and water mains.
6 FINDS
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Finds were recovered from 15 of the trenches excavated. The majority of the
assemblage is post-medieval, with a relatively restricted date range (16th/17th
century); there are small quantities of Romano-British, medieval and modern
material.
6.1.2 All finds have been quantified by material type within each context, and this
information is summarised by trench in Table 1. All data are held on the
project database (Access). As part of this assessment phase, all material has
been at least visually scanned in order to ascertain its nature and potential
date range. Spot dates have been recorded for pottery.
6.2 Pottery
6.2.1 Pottery was the most common material type encountered on the Site. It has
been used to provide dating evidence for the stratigraphic sequence, bearing
in mind the likelihood of re-deposition. Table 2 presents a breakdown of the
assemblage by ware type. There are a handful of sherds of Romano-British
and medieval date, but the majority of the assemblage is post-medieval.
Romano-British
6.2.2 The three Romano-British sherds were found in three separate contexts (layer
(200), quarry pit [484], layer (393). The imported mortarium is worn, but probably largely as a result of use wear rather than post-depositional
abrasion; the other two sherds are in relatively fresh condition. All however,
occurred as residual finds in later contexts.
Medieval
6.2.3 The single sherd of Coarse Border Ware was found in layer (116), almost
certainly residually. Tudor Green ware came from four contexts Trench 3,
layer (13); Trench 19, pit [178] Trench 21, layer (202); Trench 25, quarry pit[219]. In all, but layer (13), it appears to be residual in later 16th or 17th
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century contexts.
Post-Medieval
6.2.4 Post-medieval pottery is generally in good condition, with little evidence for
post-depositional abrasion or burning, etc. The assemblage is dominated bycoarse earthenwares; either redwares (which include the white slip-coated
wares [PMSR] and probably also Red Border ware [RBOR]) or white Border
wares. Vessel forms appear to be somewhat limited in range pipkins,
flanged dishes, porringers, chafing dishes, with one candlestick, i.e. almost
exclusively food preparation and serving. Vessels for serving and consuming
drink were supplied by the black-glazed redwares, and by the stonewares
(largely ofFrechen type, with two sherds of Westerwald, and only one
tentatively identified London product). Only one chamber pot was identified
(Westerwaldstoneware), and only one storage jar (coarse redware).
6.2.5 Tin glazed wares are found in dish/bowl and albarello forms; two are Italianimports and two late 16th/early 17th century vessels (one bowl with a chequer
design and one with a central rosette motif) could be from the Netherlands
(see Britton 1986, 102, nos. 15, 16). Decoration on other sherds confirms a
fairly restricted date range of late 16th to mid 17th century; there is only one
monochrome white vessel [TGW C], of later 17 th /18th century date (Trench
37, layer (367). There is also one polychrome floor tile (Trench 32, layer
(302).
6.2.6 Pit [152] (Trench 12) produced three regional or continental wares: Midlands
purple ware, a Spanish olive jar, and Werra slipware; while layer (303) and
quarry pit [305] (Trench 32) yielded a second olive jar (internally greenglazed) and a Midlands purple ware butter pot. A Martincamp flask
(MART 3) came from quarry pit [266] (Trench 20).
6.2.7 Of interest are two fragments of thick-walled, cylindrical, flat-based saggar
from layer (106) (Trench 12). These are heavily burnt and sintered. The use
of saggars dates back to the later 15th century, when they were introduced
into the process of pottery production, acting as protective containers for fine
glazed wares during kiln firing, but they became ubiquitous from the early
18th century with the introduction of biscuit and glost firings in the
manufacture of fine earthenwares. Saggars such as these were used, for
example, in the London delftware kilns of the 17th and early 18th century (e.g.Bloice 1971, fig. 52). Their presence here does not necessarily indicate
pottery manufacture in the vicinity of the Site as these vessels (and other
forms of pottery production waste) is frequently redeposited away from its
original point of discard.
6.2.8 The majority of the post-medieval assemblage can be seen to fall into a
relatively restricted date range 16th /17th century. There is very little which
can be definitively dated later than this, some plain white tin glazed ware
from layer (367) (Trench 37), and creamware and bone china from cut [132]
(Trench 12).
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6.3 Clay Pipes
6.3.1 Additional chronological information is provided by the clay tobacco pipes.
Four bowls were recovered, all dating to c.1580-1610 (Trench 20, quarry pit
[198]; Trench 35, layer (360); Trench 37, layer (374).
6.4 Glass
6.4.1 The bases of three glass vessels were recovered, from two contexts in Trench
32 (layer (299), quarry pit [305]). All are pedestal bases, and in each case the
base/body junction is so regular as to appear deliberately trimmed off. Two
are probably from pedestal beakers, one from a vessel with optic-blown
vertical ribs (Willmott 2001, type 4.2, fig. 29), and the third possibly from a
pedestal bowl (ibid, type 27, fig. 120). All three would fall within a daterange of 16th or early 17th century.
6.5 Other Finds
6.5.1 Other finds comprise a small amount of animal bone (cattle, sheep/goat, and
cat); ceramic building material (one drainpipe, the remainder roof tiles,
probably medieval); metalworking slag; a possible vessel rim in copper
alloy; an iron nail; and a perforated slate whetstone.
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Table 1: All finds by material type and by trench (number / weight in grammes)
C = copper alloy; Fe = iron; RB = Romano-British
Trench
Animal
Bone CBM
Clay
Pipe
RB
Pottery
Med.
Pottery
P-Med.
Pottery
Other Finds
1 2/3 1/1 1 Fe
3 5/59 1/2 1/4
12 2/42 47/2414 780g slag
13 1/4 6/211
15 2/21
16 1/30
17 6/247 4/83 1 Cu
18 3/273 1/273 2/86 20/929
20 1/3 1/13 28/1610
21 1/26 3/116
22 1/72
25 3/117 1/7 1/18 5/52 27/1895
32 1/18 2/98 48/2887 3 vessel glass
35 2/17 2/110
39 3/137 1/229 4/1339
0 1 stone object
TOTAL 7/80 19/914 7/42 3/520 10/172 194/11,718
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Table 2: Pottery totals by ware type
Fabric
CodeWare Date Range No. sherds Weight (g)
NFSE NW French mortarium 50-160 1 273
SAND Miscellaneous greyware 50-400 1 18
VRW Verulamium region whiteware 50-160 1 229
sub-total Romano-British 3 520
CBW Coarse Border Ware 1270-1500 1 4
TUDG Tudor Green ware 1380-1500 9 168
sub-total medieval 10 172
BONE Bone china 1794-1900+ 3 13
BORD Border Ware 1550-1700 4 189
BORDB Brown-glazed Border Ware 1620-1700 2 149
BORDG Green-glazed Border Ware 1550-1700 28 1668
BORDY Yellow-glazed Border Ware 1550-1700 18 966
CREA Creamware 1740-1880 1 5
FREC Frechen stoneware 1550-1700 28 2245INDV Miscellaneous industrial vessels 1500-1900+ 2 656
ITG Italian tin glazed ware 1480-1800 1 15
LONS London stoneware 1670-1900+ 1 38
MART Martincamp flask 1480-1650 1 39
MLTG Montelupo tin glazed ware 1500-1700 2 36
MPUR Midlands purple ware 1480-1750 6 313
OLIV Spanish olive jars 1550-1750 4 558
PMBL Post-med black glazed ware 1580-1700 25 973
PMR Post-medieval redware 1580-1900+ 37 2284
PMSR Post-med slip coated redware 1480-1650 9 783
RBOR Red Border Ware 1580-1800 1 66
TGW English tin glazed ware 1570-1800 16 551TGW C Tin glaze (Orton C: plain white) 1630-1800 2 87
WERR Werra slipware 1580-1650 1 6
WEST Westerwaldtype stoneware 1590-1800 2 78
sub-total post-medieval 194 11,718
OVERALL TOTAL 207 12,410
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7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1.1 The stratigraphic sequence recorded during the watching brief reaffirms the
development history of the Site postulated in the evaluation (WessexArchaeology, 2004) and the desk based conservation plan (Wessex
Archaeology, 2002) and is broadly similar to the sequence recorded in
archaeological works carried out in the area, notably to the west of the Site
(MoLAS, 2000).
7.1.2 No marsh deposits were observed during the watching brief and the
Moorfields Marsh does not appear to have extended this far north.
7.1.3 The earliest evidence of human activity on Site comprised three sherds of
residual Roman pottery which were found in later contexts.
7.1.4 A series of rectangular quarry pits was uncovered cut into the underlying brick earth and gravel deposits of the natural geology. The finds, roof tile
fragments and one sherd of medieval Tudor green ware, from the initial
silting up of these features have given a probable medieval date for their
abandonment. These pits were subsequently reused as rubbish pits and
contained pottery dating to the 16th - 17th centuries.
7.1.5 Post-medieval activity on Site dating from the 16th and 17th centuries was
characterised by a series of dumps and levelling deposits and the reworking
of earlier deposits through pit digging. Most of these deposits contained large
quantities of ash and coal fragments and were almost certainly derived from
the raking out of domestic fires or from a mixture of rake out and night soil.Other deposits included layers of demolition and builders rubble. The relative
paucity of finds such as animal bones or pottery suggests that most of the
deposits had been worked over possibly before they arrived on Site. The
majority of the pottery found on Site came from coarse earthern ware vessels,
mostly associated with food preparation and serving. The fact that a number
of sherds came from imported foreign vessels would perhaps indicate that at
least some of the deposits came from relatively well off establishments.
7.1.6 Aside from several layers containing quantities of iron slag at the western
end of the Site, no traces of activity or any structures associated with iron
working were observed during the watching brief.
7.1.7 No human remains, either articulated or disarticulated, were observed during
the watching brief and it would appear that the former burial ground at
Bunhill Fields did not extend on to the Site.
7.1.8 The watching brief found very few structural remains. Those observed
included the remains of a rectangular brick structure and associated east-west
brick wall uncovered to the west of Wessex Archaeologys earlier evaluation
trench. The remains of two north-south brick walls were observed mid way
along the northern edge of Site and which probably represent the remains of
a 19
th
century brick lined cess pit. A brick lined drain and a brick barrelvaulted culvert were recorded running east-west along the northern wall of
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the Armoury Building. The barrel vaulted culvert then turned southwards to
run beneath the Sergeants Cottage. All of these remains were observed to lie
late in the Sites stratigraphic sequence and they almost certainly belong to
phases of the Honourable Artillery Companys occupation of the Site.
7.1.9 In situ brick earth deposits were only present in the north eastern corner ofthe Site. This light orange brown clayey silt, which was up to 0.60m thick,
was observed to slope up towards the east (from 16.00m aOD to 16.30m
aOD).In situ deposits of brick earth were not present over the remainder ofthe Site, although small pockets of redeposited brick earth were observed
through out the Site. The lack of brick earth over most of the Site is probably
due to its removal by quarrying.
7.1.10 Natural geological deposits comprising orange yellow coarse sandy and
clayey gravels were recorded across the entire Site. The height of the top of
these deposit ranged from 15.60m aOD at the eastern end of the Site to
15.40m aOD at the Sites western edge. The base of this deposit was notreached.
7.1.11 In light of these results, Wessex Archaeology propose to deposit a copy of
the report with the Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service (GLAAS)
and the London Borough of Newham, as a means to discharge the
archaeological condition attached to the planning proposal for development
of the Site. In due course, a short summary of the watching brief results will
be included in the annual excavation round up withinLondon Archaeologist.
8 ARCHIVE
8.1.1 The project archive is currently held at the offices of Wessex Archaeology in
London, under the site code reference 61090 (HNA04). In due course it will
be deposited at the Museum of London.
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3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bloice, B.J., 1971 Norfolk House, Lambeth: excavations at a delftware kiln site,
1968,Post-Medieval Archaeol. 5, 99-159
British Geological Survey 1996 Sheet 256, North London
Britton, F., 1986 London Delftware, London: Jonathan Horne
Clarke, J,. 1989 Saxon and Norman London
Goold Walker, G., 1986 Honourable Artillery Company 1537-1987
Department of Greater London
Archaeology
1988 Watching Brief at Gravelle House, 2-14 Bunhill Row, EC1.(Unpublished report) MoL Site Code BNH88
Hyde, R., 1981 The A-Z of Georgian London
Hyde, R., 1992 The A-Z of Restoration London
Laxton, P., 1985 The A-Z of Regency London
Museum of London
Archaeology Service
1992 Test Pits at the TAVR Centre, Finsbury Barracks, City Road,London, EC1 (Unpublished report) MoL Site Code TAC92
Museum of London
Archaeology Service
1994 Honourable Artillery Company Finsbury Barracks City Rd, EC 1:
Archaeological Watching Brief(Unpublished report) MoL SiteCode TAC92
Museum of London
Archaeology Service
1998. Honourable Artillery Company Health Club, Bunhill Row, EC 1:Archaeological monitoring of Ground Investigations (Unpublishedreport) MoL Site Code BRV98
Museum of LondonArchaeology Service
2000 Honourable Artillery Company Vicarage Site, Bunhill Row, EC 1:An archaeological post-excavation assessment. (Unpublishedreport) MoL Site Code BRV98
Museum of London 2000 The Archaeology of Greater London, An assessment of
archaeological evidence in the are now covered by Greater London
Philp, B., 1996 Rescue Excavations in the City of London (Phase II)KentArchaeological Review no. 124, Summer 1996. MoL Site CodeHAC 95
Philp, B., 2002 Excavations in LondonKent Archaeological Review no. 150,Winter 2002, MoL Site CodeHAC95
Prockter, A. and Taylor, R., 1979 The A-Z of Elizabethan London
Weinreb, B. and Hibbert, C., 1983 The London Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan
Wessex Archaeology 2002 The Albert Room Project Honourable Artillery Company, CityRoad, Research for a Conservation Plan (Unpublished report).
Wessex Archaeology 2004 Honourable Artillery Company, City Road, London of Borough ofIslington. Archaeological Evaluation Report(Unpublished report)(Ref 57630.01) MoL Site Code HNA 04
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Wessex Archaeology 2005 Honourable Artillery Company, City Road, London of Borough ofIslington. Archaeological London of Islington. ArchaeologicalWatching Brief Project Specification (Unpublished document)(Ref 59020.01) MoL Site Code HNA 04
Willmott, H., 2001 Early Post-Medieval Vessel Glass in England, Counc. Brit.
Archaeol. Res. Rep. 132
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10
APPENDIX1:TRENCHS
UMMARYTABLES
All(+)indicatedeposits/featuresnot
fullyexcavated
Trench
1
Contex
t
Description
Type
D
epth(aOD)(+/-50mm)
01
Woodenfloorjoist
Construction
1
7.90m
02
Concretefloor
Construction
1
7.80m
03
Woodenplank
Construction
1
7.74m
04
Darkgreysandysilt,frequentmortar,plasterfragments,occasionalpe
bbles,organicfragmentsandmodera
terooftile
frags
Deposit
1
7.70m
05
Verydarkbrowngreysilt,rareC
BM,roofingslate,porcelainfragmen
ts
Deposit
1
7.60m
06
Midgreyashysilt,mortarflecks
Deposit
1
7.55m
07
Verydarkbrowngreysilt,rareb
rickfragments,mortar
Deposit
1
7.50m
08
Midbrowngreysandysilt,frequ
entCBM,mortarfragments,moderatepebbles,plasterfragments
Deposit
1
7.40m
10
Whitemortarfragmentsinaloosegreysiltmatrix,moderatesmallCB
Mfragments
Deposit
1
7.20m
Trench
2
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
09
Darkgreysandysilt,CBM,frequentpebbles
Deposit
1
8.00m
Trench
3
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
11
Midreddishbrownsiltyclay,fre
quentmediumroundedpebbles,frag
mentsredbrick,concrete
Deposit
1
7.00m
12
Midorange,siltyclay,moderate
smallmediumroundedpebbles,fragmentsofconcreteandredbrick
Deposit
1
6.95m
13
Midgreybrown,siltyclay,moderatesmallmediumroundedpebbles,
fragmentsofconcreteandredbrick
Deposit
1
6.60m
Trench
4
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
14
Darkbrown,siltyclay,moderate
smallmediumroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
7.00m
15
Foundationforwall(16),verticalsided,flatbase,filledwith(14)(17)
Cut
T
op-17.00mBase-16.24m
16
WallofArmouryHouse,redbrickandmortar
Construction
T
op-18.00mBase-17.00m
17
Backfillfoundationtrenchforwall,brick,concrete,roofingslatefragments
Deposit
T
op-17.00mBase-16.40m
18
Darkbrownsiltyclay,veryoccasionalsmallmediumroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
7.00m
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19
Midorangebrownsandyclay,occasionalsmallmediumroundedpebblesandfragmentsofredbrick
Deposit
1
6.70m
20
Midorangesandyclay,frequent
smallmediumroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
6.48m
21
Midorangebrown,sandyclay,o
ccasionalfragmentsoystershell
Deposit
1
6.24m
22
Darkbrowsiltyclay,fragmentssmallredbrick
Deposit
1
6.52m
Trench
5
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
23
Midgreyishbrownsiltyclay,mo
deratesmall-mediumroundedpebbles,veryoccasionalbrick
Deposit
1
7.00m
24
Midgrey,siltyclay,frequentsmallmediumroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
6.60m
25
Pit,east45slope,verticalwest,
concavebase,filledwith(24)
Cut
T
op-16.60mBase-16.20m
26
Midorangesandyclay,occasion
alsmallmediumroundedpebbles,fragmentsbrick
Deposit
1
6.70m
27
NaturalGeology,Midorangesandygravel
Deposit
1
5.50m(+)
Trench
6
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
28
Wall,redbrickandsoftwhitemortar
Construction
T
op-18.00mBase-16.60m
29
Concretefootingforwall
Construction
1
6.60m
30
Foundationtrenchforwall(28),verticalsides,basenotreached,filled
with(29)
Cut
T
op-18.00mBase-16.60m+
31
Midgreygravelsiltyclay,occasionalfragmentsCBM
Deposit
1
7.00m
32
Midgreysiltyclay,fragmentsoy
stershell,occasionalCBMfragments
Deposit
1
6.56m
Trench
7
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
43
Wall,redbrickandmortar
Construction
T
op-18.00mBase-17.00m
44
Rubble
Deposit
1
8.00m
45
Foundationtrenchofwall(43),v
erticalsides,flatbase,filledwith(44
)
Cut
T
op-18.00mBase-1700m
46
ModernPile,concrete
Construction
1
8.00m
47
ModernPile
Cut
1
8.00m
48
Darkbrowngreysiltyclay,occasionalfragmentsredbrick
Deposit
1
8.00m
49
Orangebrownsiltyclay,re-depo
sitedbrickearth
Deposit
1
7.20m
50
Midgreysiltyclay,frequentfrag
mentsredbrick,tile
Deposit
1
7.10m
51
NaturalGeology.Dirtymidoran
gebrownclay
Deposit
1
7.10m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
29/51
27
Trench
8
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
52
Wallbrickandconcretefootings
Construction
T
op-18.00mBase-17.40m
53
Foundationtrenchforwall(52)verticalsides,flatbase
Cut
T
op-18.00mBase-17.40m
54
Midgreysiltyclay,mediumroundedpebbles,fragmentsredbrickand
tile
Deposit
1
8.10m
55
Midorangebrownsiltyclay,fragmentsCBM
Deposit
1
7.60m
56
Midgreysiltyclay,fragmentsoy
stershell,animalbones,smallpebbles
Deposit
1
7.50m
57
Midorangeclayeysiltandgrave
l
Deposit
1
7.40m
58
Midorangesiltyclay,CBM
Deposit
1
7.20m
Trench
9
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
59
Concreteslab
Construction
1
7.00m
60
Brickrubblebackfilloffoundationtrench
Deposit
1
6.60m
61
Brickandconcretewallfootings
Construction
1
6.20m
62
Foundationtrench,verticalsides,flatbase,filledwith(59)(60)(61)
Cut
T
op-17.00mBase-15.70m
63
MidgreysiltyclayandCBM
Deposit
1
6.34m
64
Midorangesiltyclay
Deposit
1
6.30m
65
MidgreysiltyclayandCBMfragments
Deposit
1
6.20m
66
MidorangesiltyclayandsmallCBMfragments
Deposit
1
5.20m
67
NaturalGeologyorangegravela
ndsandyclay,small-mediumroundedflintpebbles
Deposit
1
5.10m(+)
Trench
10
Contex
t
Description
Type/
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
68
ConcreteFoundations
Construction
1
7.00m
69
Midbrownsandyclay,frequentredbrickfragments
Deposit
1
6.70m
70
Rubblebackfill,fragmentsbrick
andconcrete
Deposit
1
6.40m
71
Foundationtrench,verticalsides,flatbase,filledwith(68)(69)(70)
Cut
T
op-17.00mBase-16.70m
72
Wall,brickandmortar
Construction
1
8.00m
73
Darkbrownsandysiltyclay,smallbrickfragments
Deposit
1
6.80m
74
Darkreddishbrownpeatywoodymaterial
Deposit
1
5.40m
75
Darkbrownsandysiltyclay,smallfragmentschalk
Deposit
1
5.40m
76
Yellowwithfrequentfleckswhite,siltyclay,frequentchalkfragments
Deposit
1
5.30m
77
Midyellowbrowndirtysandyclay
Deposit
1
5.20m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
30/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
31/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
32/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
33/51
31
314
Quarrypit,verticalsides,flatbase,filledwith(323)(322)(321)(324)
Cut
315
Lightgreybrownclayandwhite
flecksmortarrichsilt,veryfrequent
mediumsmallfragmentschalk,red
brick
Deposit
1
5.90m
318
NaturalGeology.Midorangeye
llowcoarsesand
Deposit
1
4.20m
319
NaturalGeology.Darkorange,sandygravel,subroundedwellrounde
dsmall-mediumpebbles
Deposit
1
5.20m
320
Middarkgreyashyclaysilt
Deposit
1
5.40m
321
Midgreybrown20%darkbrownmottlesclaysilt,occasionalsmalloystershell,frequentsmallsubrounde
dpebbles
Deposit
1
5.20m
322
Midorangebrownclaysiltfidorange,frequentsmallsubroundedpebble
Deposit
1
4.90m
323
Darkgreyashysilt,frequentlarg
efragmentsoystershell,occasionals
mallfragmentsredbrick,roofingtile
,chalk
Deposit
1
6.40m
324
Lightorangebrownwithdarkbrownmottlingclaysilt
Deposit
1
5.00m
325
Wall,redunfroggedbrick,compacthardlightgreylimemortar
Construction
T
op-16.40mBase-16,00m
326
Mid-darkbrowngreyclaysilt,le
nsofdarkgreyashysilt
Deposit
1
4.80m
327
Darkgreylooseashysilt.,noinc
lusions
Deposit
1
4.50m
410
Darkgreyashysilt,frequentlarg
efragmentsoystershell,occasionals
mallfragmentsredbrick,roofingtile
,occasional
smallfragmentschalk
Deposit
1
6.40m
Trench
13
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
111
Darkgrey,ashysilt,occasionalf
ragmentsoystershell,redbrick,smallanimalbones
Deposit
1
5.20m
112
Darkbrownishgrey,looseashysilt,frequentfragmentsoystershell,thinlensoforangebrown,decayediro
nandironslag
Deposit
1
4.90m
113
Lightgrey,verylooserubblerichashymortarsilt,frequentmortar,ch
arcoalandwhiteplaster,occasionalf
ragmentsred
tile,mediumroundedpebbles,occasionalsmallfragmentsanimalbones
Deposit
1
4.80m
114
Darkgreylooseashysilt,frequentthinlensofdecayedironfrequent,smallfragmentsredbrick
Deposit
1
5.20m
115
Darkpurplishgreyveryashysilt,occasionalfragmentswhiteplaster,
frequentsmallfragmentsburntcoal
Deposit
1
4.50m
116
Midgreybrowncompactclayey
ashysilt,frequentsmallpatchesoflightbrownclay,frequentfragmentsre
dbrick,tile
whiteplasterandmortar
Deposit
1
4.30m
117
Verydarkpurplishgreyveryash
ysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsunburntandburntcoalanddecayediron,f
requent
fragmentsofredbrick
Deposit
1
4.60m
118
NaturalGeology.Midyellowish
browncompactcoarsesandygravel30/70,smallmediumsubangularw
ellrounded
flintpebbles
Deposit
1
4.20m(+)
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
34/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
35/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
36/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
37/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
38/51
36
Trench
22
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
118
NaturalGeology.Midyellowish
browncompactcoarsesandygravel30/70,smallmediumsubangularw
ellrounded
flintpebbles
Deposit
1
5.0m(+)
179
Lightgreyrubblerichdeposit,coarsesandymortarmixedwithfreque
ntfragmentschalk,plaster,occasionalsmall
fragmentsbrick
Deposit
1
5.20m
180
Darkgreyashyclaysilt
Deposit
1
5.60m
Trench
23
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
33
Wellcappingofredyellowbrick
s
Construction
1
5.45m
34
Wellcapping,threelayersofbrickswithwhitemortarwellcapping
Construction
1
5.70m
35
Wellcapping,yellowredbricksingreymortar
Construction
1
6.50m
36
Midgreybrownsiltclay,brickm
ortarrubble,bone,claypipe
Deposit
1
6.60m
37
Wallarch,redandyellowbricks
formingarchoverwell
Construction
T
op-16.80mBase-15.90m
38
Drain,lineareastwest,flatbase,verticalsidedandflatroof,brickandtilewhitemortar
Construction
T
op-17.00mBase-16.40m
39
Trenchofdrain,verticalsides,flatbasefiledwith[38]
Cut
T
op-17.00mBase-14.60m
40
Midgreysiltclay
Deposit
1
7.00m
41
Orangesandyclay
Deposit
1
6.20m
42
Orangegreysandysiltyclay
Deposit
1
6.00m
215
Darkgreyloosecoarseashyclay
silt,frequentsmallfragmentsredbrick,tile,chalk,moderatesubrounded-wellrounded
small-mediumpebbles
Deposit
1
4.70m
216
Darkgreybrownclaysilt,freque
ntcharcoalflecks,occasionalsmallfragmentsoystershell
Deposit
1
4.10m
217
Midgreybrownwithorangebrownmottling,claysilt,occasionalcharcoalflecks,smallfragmentsoystershell,redtile
Deposit
1
4.10m
218
Quarrypit,concavebase,sides4
5,filledwith(217)
Cut
T
op-14.10mBase-13.30m
Trench
24
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
99
NaturalGeology,Brownorange
sandygravel,smallmediumsubrou
ndedflintpebbles
Deposit
1
5.50m
100
NaturalGeology.Midorange,coarsesandygravel,mediumsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
5.40m
101
NaturalGeology.Orangecoarse
sandandgravel,frequentsmall,occasionalmediumsubroundedwellro
undedpebbles
Deposit
1
4.85m
102
NaturalGeology.Midorangesa
ndyclay
Deposit
1
4.70m
103
NaturalGeology.Brightorange
withfrequent10%brownmottling,s
andygravel,subroundedwellroundedmedium
pebbles
Deposit
1
4.65m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
39/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
40/51
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
41/51
39
Trench
27
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
282
Wall,redbrickandmortar
Construction
1
5.60m
283
Wall,redbrickandmortar
Construction
1
5.60m
284
Midgreymortar,plaster,looserubblerichmortarsilt,veryfrequentsmalllargefragments
Deposit
1
5.70m
285
Wall,redbrickandmortar
Construction
1
5.50m
288
Wall,redbrickandmortar
Construction
1
5.50m
Trench
28
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
290
Darkgreyblackclayeyashysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsmallmediumsubroundedpebbles,moderatesmallredbrick,
oystershell
Deposit
1
6.20m
291
Midbrowngreyfrequentorange
brownmottlingclayashysilt,freque
ntfragmentsoyster,animalbones,clinker
Deposit
1
5.80m
292
Lightgreywithwhiteflecksmortarrichclay,frequentsmallsubroundedpebbles,smallfragmentsmortarwhiteplaster,
chalk,redbrick
Deposit
1
5.80m
293
WallofSergeantsCottage,redbrickandwhitemortar
Construction
1
7.60m
294
WallofSergeantsCottage,,yello
wLondonstockbrickandgreymortar
Construction
1
8.00m
295
Trenchfordrainlinear,verticals
ides,flatbase,filledwith(329)(296)
Cut
T
op-17.35mBase-17.00m
296
Darkgrey,softfinesandysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsburntcoal
Deposit
1
7.20m
329
Brickbarrelvaulteddrain,redun
froggedbrickandlightgreylimemo
rtar
Construction
T
op-17.40mBase-
406
Darkblackandpurplewithdark
brownandgreenishbluemottles,softashysilt,frequentcoalfragments,occasionalburnt
stone
Deposit
1
7.00m
407
Lightbrownwithfrequentfragm
entswhitemortar,mortarrichclayey
silt,frequentsmallflingpebbles,chalk
Deposit
1
6.90m
Trench
30
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
78
Baseofconcretesteps
Construction
1
7.00m
79
WallofArmoury,redbrickand
greymortar
Construction
1
7.00m
80
Stairwell,redbrick
Construction
1
7.00m
81
Arch,redbrickandlightgreylim
emortar
Construction
1
6.80m
82
Darkbrownsiltclay,occasional
fragmentredbrick,oystershell
Deposit
1
6.40m
83
Midgreysiltclay,fragmentsred
brick,concrete
Deposit
1
6.40m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
42/51
40
Trench
31
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
38
Drainbrickandtiledrainflatbaseflatroof
Construction
1
7.00m
39
Cutfordrain,verticalsided,flatbasefilledwith(38)(234)
Cut
T
op-17.00mBase16.40m
40
Midgreybrownsiltclay,frequentlyfragments,redtile
Deposit
1
7.00m
41
Orangesandyclay
Deposit
1
6.40m
42
Orangegrey,sandysiltclay
Deposit
1
6.20m
234
Midgrey,loosecoarsesiltyclay
Deposit
1
6.80m
Trench
32
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
145
Midbrownorangeflecksgreen,
loosesiltclayandmortar,occasionalsmallfragments,redtile
Deposit
1
6.60m
118
NaturalGeology.Midyellowish
browncompactcoarsesandygravel30/70,smallmediumsubangularw
ellrounded
flintpebbles
Deposit
1
5.60m(+)
299
Darkgreylooseashysilt,frequentsmallfragmentredbrick,occasionaloystershell
Deposit
1
6.40m
300
Darkgreyblackpurplesoftfineashysilt,occasionalsmallfragmentc
oal,smallflatfirefracturedstones
Deposit
1
6.20m
301
Darkgreyblackashysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsmallmediumsub
roundedpebbles,oystershell
Deposit
1
5.80m
302
Darkgreylooseashysilt,occasionallargefragmentredbrick,30mmthicklensofdarkbrownorangeiron,
lensofwhite
plaster
Deposit
1
5.40m
303
Lightbrownandwhiteflecksmo
rtarrichclayeysilt,frequentsmallpatchesofmidbrownclay,frequentsm
allmedium
subroundedpebbles,chalk
Deposit
1
5.00m
304
Darkgreyblack,looseashy,clay
silt,frequentsmallfragmentsoyster
shell,charcoal,coal
Deposit
1
4.60m
305
Quarrypit,sides45basenotreachedfilledwith(388)(304)
Cut
T
op-14.60mBase-13.90m+
388
Lightbrown,40%darkbrownorangemottling,afinesandyclaysilt,
occasionalsmallfragmentsredbrick
,tile
Deposit
1
4.40m(+)
Trench
33
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
328
Midbrownsilt,clay,occasionalredbrickrubble,occasionalsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
7.50m
329
Redbrickdrain,east-westbarrel
vaulted
Construction
1
7.50m
330
Linearcutfordrainfilledwith(328)[329]
Cut
T
op-17,50mBase-17.26m
331
Midbrownsilt,clay,occasionalredbrickrubble,smallmediumsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
7.40m
332
Midorangesilty,clay
Deposit
1
7.02m
333
Midbrownsiltclay,occasionalr
edbrick,oystershells,occasionalsm
allmediumsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
6.96m
334
Wallredbrick
Construction
1
7.74m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
43/51
41
335
Concretefootingsbelowwall[334]
Construction
T
op-17.44mBase-16.30m
336
Foundationtrench,eastwest,verticalside,flatbase,filledwith[334][335]
Cut
T
op-17.46mBase-16.30m
337
Pile,partofwallofArmouryBuilding,yellowstockbrick
Construction
1
8.00m
338
Rubbleandconcretewallfooting
s
Deposit
1
6.70m
339
Foundationtrenchforwall[337]
[338]
Construction
T
op-17.76mBase-15.76m
Trench
34
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
340
Modernpile
Construction
1
8.00m
341
Darkbrownsiltyclay,CBM,brickrubbleandoystershell,modernredepositeddeposit
Deposit
1
8.00m
342
Darkredbrownsiltclay,occasio
nalsubroundedpebbles,CBM,conc
retefragments
Deposit
1
7.60m
343
Palepinkbeige,mortarrichdeposit,pebblesandoccasionalfragmentsCBM
Deposit
1
7.20m
344
Mid-darkgreybrownsiltyclay,moderatemediumsubrounded-wellroundedflintpebbles,frequentCBM
Deposit
1
7.65m
345
Ceramicwastewaterpipe
Construction
1
7.20m
346
Trenchforwastewaterpipe(modern)
Construction
T
op-17.20mBase16.90m
347
Pit,filledwith(342)(343)
Cut
T
op-17.20mBase1-6.80m+
348/349
Darkgreyblacksiltyclay,occasionalanimalbone,CBM,oystershell
Deposit
1
7.00m
Trench
35
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
327
Midgreyclay,frequentsmallsubangularpebbles
Deposit
15.50m
350
Darkgrey,coarseashysilt,occasionalsmall-mediumfragmentswhite
plaster
Deposit
17.80m
351
Darkgreybrown,ashyclaysilt,occasionallargefragmentswhiteplas
ter.redbrick
Deposit
17.60m
352
midgreyrubblerichdeposit,whitegreymortar,frequentredbrickfra
gments
Deposit
17.40m
353
Darkgreycleansilt,noinclusion
s
Deposit
17.30m
354
Lightgreywhite,occasionalligh
tbrownpatches,siltwithfrequentpa
tchesbrownclay,frequentfleckswhiteplaster
Deposit
17.00m
355
midgreybrown,ashysilt,noinc
lusions
Deposit
16.90m
356
Lightgreyloosemortarwithfrequentsmallfragmentsredtile,plaster
Deposit
15.70m
357
Lightbrowngreygreen,ashysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsoystershe
ll
Deposit
16.60m
358
Darkgreyclaysilt,frequentsmall-mediumroundedsubroundedpeb
bles,occasionalsmallfragmentsanimalbones,
CBM
Deposit
16.40m
359
Darkbrownsoftironrichsilt,frequentangularfragmentsofironandcinder,occasionalsmallfragmentsan
imalbones
Deposit
16.00m
360
Midgreyclaysilt,frequentsmallfragmentswhiteandlightgreymort
ar
Deposit
15.80m
361
Darkgreyashysilt,noinclusions
Deposit
15.95m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
44/51
42
362
Midgreygreen,finesandychalk
ysilt,frequentsmallfragmentschalk
Deposit
15.54m
363
WallfoundationsofSergeantsC
ottage,concreteandredbrick
Construction
18.00m
364
WallfoundationsofSergeantsC
ottage,concreteandredbrick
Construction
18.00m
365
FoundationtrenchforwallofSergeantCottage,filledwith[363]
Cut
Top-18.00mBase-15.40m
366
FoundationtrenchfrowallofSergeantCottage,filledwith(364)
Cut
Top-18.00mBase-15.40m
Trench
36
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
378
Darkgreyblackcoarseashyclay
eysilt,occasionallargefragmentwhiteplaster,redbrick
Deposit
1
7.70m
379
Midgrey,crushedwhiteplasterandmortar,frequentsmallredbrickfragments
Deposit
1
7.40m
380
Darkgreyashysilt,frequentsma
llfragmentsredbrickandmortar
Deposit
1
7.20m
381
Lightgreywhitecrushedmortar
andplaster
Deposit
1
6.70m
382
Midgreybrownclaysilt,noinclusions
Deposit
1
6.60m
383
Darkbrownorange,softsilt,frequentsmallfragmentsburntcoal,animalbones
Deposit
1
6.20m
384
Mid-darkgreyashysilt,occasionalanimalbonefragments
Deposit
1
6.17m
385
Midgreygreenfinesandyclaysilt,frequentsmallfragmentschalk
Deposit
1
5.80m
386
Midgreyclay,noinclusions
Deposit
1
5.50m
387
NaturalGeology.Midgreyishyellowbrown,frequentcoarsesandyc
laygravelmediumsub-roundedpebb
les
Deposit
1
5.40m
Trench
37
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
367
Darkmidgreyashyclaysilt,occ
asionalsmallfragmentsredbrick
Deposit
1
7.90m
368
Midgreyclaysilt,frequentsmallfragmentsredbrickandwhitemorta
r
Deposit
1
7.50m
369
Darkgreybrownashysilt,occasionalsmallanimalbones,subrounde
dpebbles
Deposit
1
7.30m
370
Lightgrey,loosewhitemortarrichsilt,frequentsmallfragmentsredbrickmortar
Deposit
1
7.10m
371
Midgreyclaysilt,frequentsub-roundedpebblesandsmallfragments
oystershell
Deposit
1
6.90m
372
Darkbrowngrey,ashysilt,occasionalsmallanimalbones
Deposit
1
6.70
373
Darkorangebrownwithfrequentwhitefragments,loosesoftashysilt,frequentoystershellfragmentsburn
tstoneand
coalanimalbones,clinker,ironslag
Deposit
1
6.50
374
Darkgreybrownsoftashysilt,o
ccasionalfragmentsoystershell,anim
albones
Deposit
1
6.20m
375
Lightgreyandwhite,looseclay
silt,frequentfragmentsplaster,chalk
,tile,redbrick
Deposit
1
5.90m
376
Darkgreybrownsoftashyclays
iltnoinclusions
Deposit
1
5.80m
377
Lightrangeclayeygravel,mediu
mwellroundedsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
5.40m
-
8/14/2019 Honourable Artillery Company, Islington
45/51
43
Trench
38
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
389
Darkyellowsand
Deposit
1
6.70m
398
Brickrubblechalkandearth
Deposit
1
6.50m
399
Yellowcrushedsandstone
Deposit
1
6.00m
400
Earth,brickrubbleandchalk
Deposit
1
6.30m
401
Earthandbrickrubble
Deposit
1
5.90m
402
Crushedsandstone
Deposit
1
5.75m
403
Earth,chalkandbrickrubble
Deposit
1
5.70m
404
Earthandbrickrubble
Deposit
1
5.60m
405
NaturalGeology.Yellowgravel
Deposit
1
5.50m
412
Foundationtrenchforwall,filled
with(389)(398)(399)(400)(401)(
402)(403)(404)
Cut
T
op-16.40mBase-15.30m
Trench
39
Contex
t
Description
Type
H
eightaOD(+/-50mm)
94
Midgreybrownclayandgravel,sub-rounded-wellroundedmedium-
smallpebbles,occasionalsmallfragm
entsCBM,
charcoalflecks
Deposit
1
5.60m
95
Midgreybrown,looseclayeyashysilt,occasionalsmallfragmentsan
imalbonesfrequentsmallsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
6.10m
96
Darkgreyashysilt,occasionalsubroundedpebbles
Deposit
1
5.60m
390
Lightbrownwith10%darkbrow
norangemottling,clayeysilt,occasionalcharcoalflecks
Deposit
1
6.20m
391
Quarrypit,verticalsides,concav
ebase,filledwith(390)
Cut
T
op-16.20mBase-15.00m
392
Darkgreyblack.looseashysilt,frequentsmallbrickfragments
Deposit
1
7.40m
393
Midgreyashyclaysilt,frequent
smallsubroundedpebbles,occasionalsmallfragmentsoystershell,redbrick
Deposit
1
7.40m
394
Midgreywhite,loosecoarsesan
dymo