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HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE
A Presentation for the IEEELos Angeles Chapter
D. H. Quine
National Systems GroupTHE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
COURSES DEVELOPED TO SUPPORT THE AEROSPACE CORPORATE INITIATIVE ON HOMELAND DEFENSE
Elements of Homeland Security (1 Day)
Chemical and Conventional Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)
Biological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)
Nuclear and Radiological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)
HISTORICAL ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES
War of 1812
Mexican-American War (1846)
Pancho-Villa (1918/18)
Pearl Harbor (1941)
West Coast Shelling (1943-45)
Sabotage Attempts (WW I and WW II)
Terrorist Operations
FEAR OF ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES
The Era of Harbor and Coastal Defenses (1865 –1945)
U-Boat Attacks on U.S. Shipping (WW I and WW II)
The Cold War
THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE
The Era of Nation Building
The Era of Sail and Steam
The First Era of Air Power
The Second Era of Air Power
The Ballistic Missile Era
The Era of Terrorism and WMDs
THE WAR OF 1812
The “Second Revolutionary War”
Precipitated In Part Out of Resentment of British Blockade of Trade
British Invade from Canada
THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846)
Battle for Control of the Southwest
Final Stage Begins with Mexican Attack on South Texas
Ends with U.S. Forces in Mexico City
U.S Gains Texas, NM California
A Number of Technical “Firsts”
THE AGE OF HARBOR AND COASTAL DEFENSE
Started with English Empire and its Outposts
First Authorizing Legislation 1790s
U.S. Deploys Dozens of Forts and Coastal Defense Sites in Period Up Thru WW II
THE INCEPTION OF THE BORDER PATROL
Immigration Laws Initiated 1875
Mounted Guards Started 1904
U.S. Border Patrol Authorized by Congress 1924
PANCHO VILLA (1917)
Mexican Revolutionary
Attacks Columbus, NM in a Pre-Dawn Attack
Kill a Dozen U.S. Civilian and Military Personnel
Loose 90 From Invading Force
U.S. “Punitive Expedition” UndertakenLed by Gen “Blackjack” Pershing
THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION: IMPORTANT FIRSTS
First Use of Motorized Trucks by the Army
First Use of Airplanes for Reconnaissance
Last Time Americans Went into Battle Without Steel Helmets
And a Last: The Last Time Massed Cavalry Operations were Undertaken by the U.S. Army
THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (1917)
Telegram From Germany to Mexico
Proposed Mexico Invade U.S. Southwest
Intercepted by British
Decoded in “Room 40”
U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW I)
Early German Plans (1899) to Attack New YorkSeize NY Harbor and Long IslandInvade North and South From Island
U-boats Operated off U.S. Coast During WW I
Steel Net Across Verranzano Narrows
U-boats Also Planted Mines in Ferry Lanes
PEARL HARBOR (1941)
THE SHELLING OF GOLETA (1942)
Japanese Sub Shells Oil Rigging 23 Feb ’42
Fires 27 Rounds from 5 1/2 –in Deck Gun
Creates a Modicum of Distress Among the Natives
John Belushi’s Parody “1942”
DEFENSE OF LOS ANGELES HARBOR
Ft MacArthur Construction Authorized 1914
Battery Osgood-Farley Supported Two 14-in Guns1560-lb Projectiles
Also Railway Guns below the Fort
BATTERY OSGOOD-FARLEY (Ft Mac)
Additional New Guns Installed 1943-45Osgood Gun Fired 116 TimesFarley Fired 121 Times
Part of Emplacement Gas-Proofed in Early 1940s
SHELLING OF FORT STEVENS
Ft Stevens, Oregon Begun 1850s
Shelled by Japanese Sub (21 Jun 42)
17 Rounds from Deck Gun
Ft Equipped with Disappearing Carriage Gun
U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW II)
Numerous Ships Sunk within Sight of East Coast 1942
U.S. Navy Largely Unprepared for Atlantic War
Later Followed British ExampleConvoysEscort ShipsAir Patrols
Numerous Japanese Subs Also off Pacific Coast
THE JAPANESE BALLOON ASSAULT (43-45)
Planned to Build 15,000Actually about 9300
Approx 900 Make it to North America
5-6 Incendiaries/1 HE
Also Planned to Release Plague (Unit 731)
PLAN TO ATTACK THE WEST COAST
Japanese Planned to Drop Plague-Infested Fleas on U.S.
Planes to be Brought over on Subs
Late in the War:1945
One of the Planes Now at Smithsonian for Rebuilding
HOMELAND DEFENSE DURING THE COLD WAR
Threats To Homeland Appeared Remote At End of WW IIU.S. Monopoly on Atomic BombVast U.S. Fleet of Long Range Bombers
Didn’t Last Long:Soviets Began Producing B-29 Copies Almost Immediately
Set Off Their Bomb in 1949
The Focus of Homeland Defense Shifts in the 1950s to Long-Range Bombers
RESPONSES TO THE SOVIET BOMBER THREAT
Surveillance and Warning
Air-Based Defenses
Surface-to-Air Missiles
Command and Control
Civil Defense
THE FIRST U.S. AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR
First Observation of the Principle of Radar before WW I
British Home Chain Radars 1938
First U.S. Air Surveillance Radar 1940
SURVEILLANCE AND WARNING
1947 USAF Initiates Aircraft Control and Warning NetworkPlan Evolves for 411 Radar Sites in U.S. and Alaska
The Distant Early Warning Systems (DEW)
The Mid-Canada Line
The Pinetree Line
Picket Planes and Ships
The Ground Observer Corp
THE GROUND OBSERVER CORP
Established in 1950s to Fill Gaps in Radar Surveillance/Warning Coverage
Gaps in Radar Coverage Along Atlantic and Pacific CoastlinesMountainous Country with Many Potential Attack Routes Blocked to Radar Coverage
Sites Manned 24 Hours
Observations Called into Regional GOC Plotting Centers
Then Relayed To Regional AF Surveillance Centers
CONUS AIR DEFENSES
Air Defense Command Created 1946
WW II Air Defense Based on Fighters and Concept of Attrition of Bomber Force
Advent of Nuclear Weapons Forced Rethinking of Air Defense Mission Night/All Weather CapabilityLonger Defense Perimeter (Range)Assured Single Shot Kill
Led to New Generation of Dedicated Fighter-InterceptorsF- 89/101/102/106
F-106 FIRING GENIE NUCLEAR-TIPPED MISSILE
EARLY MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS
LAUNCHER AREA AT SF-88
NIKE SITES IN THE LOS ANGELES DEFENSE AREA
MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS
Nike Ajax
Nike Hercules
Nike Zeus
THE LAST NIKE SITE: SF-88
Being Restored by Local Historical Society and Retired Military
NIKE HERCULES AT SF-88
BOMARC MISSILE DEFENSES
HOMELAND DEFENSE COMMAND AND CONTROL
The First Air Assault: German Dirigibles Flying against London
Initially Difficult to Shoot Down
Led to Development of First Integrated Warning/Evaluation/Command& Control System
AIR DEFENSE C2 IN WW II
Radar Added to System
Data Display and Assessment Still Manual
Command and Control/Force Allocation Still Manual
HD COMMAND AND CONTROL: SAGE
AN FSQ-7 COMPUTER
CURRENT AIR DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND
First Air ForceWestern Air Defense SectorNortheast Air Defense SectorSoutheast Air Defense Sector
Nine ANG Wings
Naval Air on Carriers
Canadian Air Defense Forces
The North Warning System
NORAD CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN
AIR SURVEILLANCE OF NORTH AMERICA: 2002
Joint Canadian/U.S. Program
Replace 31 DEW Radars with 15 New Manned Radars and 39 Unmanned Sites
Data Collected Back at NORAD
CONUS: Joint FAA/DoD Program for Air Route Surveillance
CIVIL DEFENSE AGAINST THE BOMB
Civil Defense Program Begins Early 1950s
Precursor Organization to FEMA
Conducted Studies of the Impact of Nuclear War on Economy
Published Educational Pamphlets
After 1962, Designated Approved Fallout Shelters in Public Buildings
EARLY BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE
The Threat to the Homeland Shifts Again: To Ballistic Missiles
The Era of Single Warheads
Period of Army/AF Contention Over Ownership of Mission
Mission Assigned to Army in 1958
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE OPTIONS
Population Defense Gaither Committee
Economic Infrastructure Defense
Deterrence Enhancement Bomber and Silo Defense
MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES
MIRVing Changes the Defense Problem
First Generation Defenses No Longer Feasible
SENTINEL, THEN SAFEGUARD
Two Missile Elements in Safeguard
Exoatmospheric: Spartan
Endoatmospheric: Sprint
SAFEGUARD SITE AT GRAND FORKS
THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
THEATER MISSILE DEFENSE
SORTIES AGAINST SCUD LAUNCHERS
THE RUMSFIELD COMMISSION REPORT
Major Reassessment of Ballistic Missile Threat to U.S.
Concluded the Threat is Much Closer Than Previously Assessed
Recommended Proceeding without Delay on ABM
NATIONAL MISSILE DEFENSE 2002
The Continuing ABM SagaNike HerculesNike ZeusSentinelSafeguardSDITheater Missile DefenseNational Missile Defense
Full Spectrum of Defense Assets
Full Missile Trajectory Subject to Targeting
A GROWING CACOPHONY OF TERRORIST ATTACKS
Marine Barracks (Lebanon)
Khobar Towers (Saudi Arabia)
NY World Trade Center (1993)
Embassy Bombings
USS Cole
Black Tuesday
BLACK TUESDAY: THE HD FOCUS SHIFTS AGAIN
Highly Asymmetric Attack
Coordinated, Professional Attack
Employed Low-Tech Weapons
Came in “Under the Radar Screen”
BIOTERRORISM ARRIVES
Growing Concern Last Several Years
Diaspora from Soviet Program
Iraqi Program
Home Grown
THE DECLINE OF DETERRENCE
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)Dominated U.S./Soviet Balance
Enemies Now May Not Be Deterable
For Decades MAD Warped “Offense” into “Defense”
Now Things are Coming Back into Balance
THE NEW HOMELAND DEFENSE ERA
The Lugar Principles:
Prevent the Problem at its Source
Interdict Attacks on the U.S. Before They Can Occur
Be Prepared to Respond and Recover if Defenses are Inadequate
THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE
The Era of Nation Building
The Era of Sail and Steam
The First Era of Air Power
The Second Era of Air Power
The Ballistic Missile Era
The Era of Terrorism and WMDs
HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE