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Holocausts. Plural.
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“Who still talks of the extermination of the Armenians?”
• 1914 – 1923• Relocation and murder
of approximately one million Christian Armenians from Turkey
• 2nd most studied case of genocide
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The Armenian Genocide
• Turkey: not a result of a ‘state sponsored’ plan, but the result of inter-ethnic strife, disease, and world war turmoil + no records
• The UN & 21 other countries disagree on the record
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The 21
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Evidence of the time, at the time
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Haunting similarities
• Armenians disarmed• Armenian leaders and
intellectuals killed• Armenians ‘deported’
to Syria and Iraq
(only 500,000 made it alive)
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The Armenian Memorial• Drafted in 1965 (50 year)
• 12 slabs = 12 lost Turkish provinces
• Eternal flame in center• Along park, 100 meter
wall with names of towns and villages where massacres took place
• Museum added 1995
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The Nazi Holocaust
• 1938 – 1945• 11-13 million killed
People who were Jewish, communist, gay, mentally ill, physically infirmed, political enemies,
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The Nazi Holocaust
• Led by Adolf Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels
• “Final Solution”• Victims derided,
labeled, moved to ghettoes, then camps, then murdered
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The Nazi Holocaust Propaganda
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Resolution?• Hitler, suicide• Mengele, fled to SA• Himmer, cyanide in jail• Goebbels, wife killed six
children with morphine/cyanide, then each other
• Nuremberg Trials for those 22 remaining-3 acquitted-12 partially acquitted-12 sentenced to be hanged October 16, 1946
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UN Resolution 1948
Article 2• The following acts, to destroy
in part or whole, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group by:
• Killing members of the group;
• Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
•Deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group’s whole or partial physical destruction
•Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
•Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
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Article 3
• The following acts shall be punishable:
• (a) Genocide; • (b) Conspiracy to commit
genocide; • (c) Direct and public
incitement to commit genocide;
• (d) Attempt to commit genocide;
• (e) Complicity in genocide.
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Current Anti-Semitic Propaganda
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Cambodia & Khmer Rouge
• 1975 – 1999• 1 – 3 million killed
under the leadership of Pol Pot
• 25%-30% of the country!
• Political executions, starvation, & overwork
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Cambodia & Khmer Rouge• The Killing Fields• Moved ‘pro-Western’
and ‘educated’ to the countryside under guise of ‘US attacks’
• Civil servants and educated people sent to ‘re-education centers’ to embrace idealistic communist peasantry
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Genocide in Cambodia
• ‘Old people’ vs. ‘New people’ would play out for decades
• Family relationships banned, no private ownership, no technology
• Forced ‘livelihood meetings’ -propaganda indoctrination
-’rat out’ enemies to the state
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Cambodia & Khmer Rouge
Capital Crimes:• not working hard enough
• wearing glasses
• complaining
• stealing (for survival)
• wearing jewelry
• having sex
• grieving for lost loved ones
• practicing religion
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Bosnia Herzogovina
• 1992-1995• 200,000• Serbian communist
nationalists led by Slobodan Milosevic
• Unstable area since before World War I (Archduke Francis Ferdinand)
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Bosnia Herzegovina • ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of all
Muslims from greater Serbia
• Mass executions, death marches, torture, rape camps, & displacement
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• Arrested for war crimes in 2001, and tried in 2002
• Died of natural causes in his cell at The Hague while being tried for war crimes
• Over 70 villages gone, and counting.
Justice?
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Rwanda
• 1994• 1 million• 1.5 million refugees• Tutsi (royal) vs. Hutu (poor)
• Key event, illustrated the ineptitude/apathy of UN, US, France from brewing through killing (“deliberate/convenient”)
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Rwanda
• Hutu nationalism, anti-Tutsi propaganda of hate/fear
• Hutu amassed arms• Genocide was openly
discussed in cabinet meetings
• President Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane shot down
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Justice?
• UN Tribunal for big players
• Rwandan courts for smaller participants
• Led by Paul Kagame and past 10th year and relish stability
• Over 10,000 await trial in the Gacaca
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Darfur, Sudan
• 1983 – present• 2 million; 2-4 million
displaced• Janjaweed from
Baggara tribes vs. rural people not from Baggara lineage (Arab vs. non-Arab)
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Darfur, Sudan
• SLA (Sudan People’s Liberation
Army) was dominating, until Sudan contracted and armed the Janjaweed
• With government weapons, the Janjaweek dominated
• ER fans?
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Justice for Sudan?
• Sudan has been stonewalling
• In August of 2006, the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act was passed in US
• Genocide Intervention Network politician ‘score cards’
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But Darfur is around the world . . .
• www.azlostboyscenter.org• Over 550 displaced
refugees from Darfur• Why ‘lost boys’?• Local center provides
English support, tutoring, events, and technology training
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• Classification US vs. THEM (Nazi/Jew, Hutu/Tutsi); bipolar societies sans mixed categories more vulnerable to genocide
• Recognize and prevent:find common ground, develop institutions that bridge differences, actively educate about tolerance and promote understanding
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• Symbolization
Giving names or other symbols to groups of people we’ve classified (yellow star, blue scarf, etc)
• Recognize and prevent:
Eliminate hate speech, hate symbols, and group markings
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• DehumanizationDenying people their humanity, classifying them as sub-human and vilifying them . . . an essential tool for overcoming visceral revulsion to murder
• Recognize and prevent:Hate propaganda should be banned, hate violence should be punished
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Eight Stages of Genocide• Organization
Genocide is always organized by a government or powerful group, and plans are made for the killing
• Recognize and prevent:Membership in such groups should be outlawed. Their leaders must be denied international travel visas. The UN should investigate suspect hostilities. Arms embargos should be established.
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• PolarizationTarget moderates. Forbid intermarriage and socialization between groups. Heavy ‘black and white’ propaganda
• Recognize and prevent:Seize assets of leaders and deny visas. Security detail for moderate leaders, and human rights organizations assist
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• PreparationDeath lists drawn up, people physically separated and forced to wear identification, forced into campus, ghettoes, and starvation regions
• Recognize and prevent:Call ‘genocide alert’, mobilize UN & NATO, provide armed prevention and humanitarian assistance
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• Extermination (interesting word choice)
• Recognize and prevent:
Only rapid & overwhelming armed intervention can make an impact. Armed ‘safe areas’ need to be created for refugees. Long-term troops and humanitarian aid.
Humanitarian laws supercede nation rights
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Eight Stages of Genocide
• DenialAttempts by perpetrators to destroy evidence, block investigations, cover-up atrocities, & blame victims
• Recognize and prevent:Punishment by international or national tribunals where evidence can be publicly heard and killers can be held accountable