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HOLLYWOODHOLLYWOOD
Stars & Studios
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THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIOS
• 1915-25: transition from Trust to STUDIO SYSTEM
• “Studio Era” typified by:– Picture palaces– Movie audience that included all classes– Standardized production of feature-
length films (1½ hrs)– Concentration of production in
Hollywood– OLIGOPOLY & VERTICAL INTEGRATION
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OLIGOPOLY
• A few large firms control an entire industry
• Due to high cost of film production– Feature-length films were
expensive– Salaries increased, esp. for stars– Production values increased– Sound added to costs of equipment
& production
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OLIGOPOLY
• Costs of distribution, picture palaces & converting to sound
• Small companies began to merge in order to compete
• By late 1920s, 8 companies controlled 91% of box-office
• These companies known as 8 Majors
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VERTICAL INTEGRATION
• Company controls product from production to retail sale
• BIG 5– MGM, PARAMOUNT, FOX,
WARNER BROS., & RKO– Vertically integrated: production,
distribution & exhibition
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VERTICAL INTEGRATION
• LITTLE 3– COLUMBIA, UNIVERSAL, & UNITED
ARTISTS– Not totally vertically integrated– Columbia & Universal in production
& distribution, but no theaters– United Artists only distributed films
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“THE DREAM FACTORY”
• DIVISION OF LABOR – Labor highly specialized & efficient,
becoming highly unionized– THE CONTRACT SYSTEM
•Most workers under contract for 5-7 years
•Renewable by studio every 6 months• Studios maintained prop & costume depts• Filmed on own lots
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“THE DREAM FACTORY”
• THE “STUDIO LOOK”– Consistent labor, props, settings
resulted in "Studio Look“– Studios tended to build their
films around their stars
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Marlene Dietrich
Paramount Stars
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Paramount Stars
The Marx Bros
Mae West
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Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour & Bob Hope
Paramount Stars
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Fleischer Bros. Studio
Popeye
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Fleischer Bros. Studio
Superman
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Fleischer Bros. Studio
Betty Boop
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Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer
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MGM Stars
Greta Garbo
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MGM Stars
Clark Gable Spencer Tracy
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MGM Movies
Tarzan the Ape Man (1932)
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MGM Movies
Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938)
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Hal Roach Studio
Laurel & Hardy
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Hal Roach Studio
Our Gang
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MGM Animation
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MGM Animation
Tex Avery’s Wolfie and Red
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20th Century-Fox
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20th Century-Fox Stars
Sonja Henie Shirley Temple
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20th Century-Fox Stars
Betty Grable Tyrone Power
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20th-Century Fox Movies
Charlie Chan at the Olympics (1937)
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Warner Bros.
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Warner Bros. Stars
Humphrey
Bogart
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Warner Bros. Stars
Bette Davis
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Warner Bros. Animation
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RKO Movies
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Disney Animation
Mickey Mouse Donald Duck
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Disney Animation
Snow White (1937)
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Universal
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Universal Serials
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Walter Lantz Studio
Woody Woodpecker Chilly Willy
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Universal Movies
Abbott & Costello
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Universal Horror Movies
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Universal Horror Movies
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Columbia
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Columbia Movies
Claudette Colbert Clark Gable
Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934)
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Columbia Movies
Batman & Robin
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Columbia Shorts
The Three Stooges
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United Artists
Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin & DW Griffith
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Monogram Movies
Federal Bullets (1937)
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Monogram Stars
The Bowery Boys
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Republic
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Republic Movies
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ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• SOUND– Help define space– Offscreen sound creates sense of
3-dimensional world– Onscreen sound defines space it
comes from• DIALOGUE: sound a way of
developing characters & defining character traits
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ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• MUSIC– Nondiegetic music reinforces
“proper” emotional responses– Helps define & identify characters– Both outgrowths of live music in
silent film exhibition– Market for records of film music
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ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• SOUND DEVICES FOR CONTINUITY– Work with continuity editing
•Create smooth transitions between shots & scenes
•Keeping attention on narrative– SOUND BRIDGE– DIALOGUE HOOK
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ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• DEEP FOCUS– By late 1930s, trend toward deep
focus– New film stocks & lenses– Adapted to CHC narrative style
•Establish relationships among characters in a number of planes
– Takes became longer
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ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• COLOR– HAND-COLORING (1896-1910) & TINTING
& TONING (1910-27)– TECHNICOLOR
•TECHNICOLOR, INC. (1915) •2-COLOR TECHNICOLOR (1920s)
–Red & blue•3-COLOR TECHNICOLOR (1932)
–Red, green, & blue–3 rolls exposed simultaneously