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EE 102:Introduction to Computing
Lecture 1
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Books to be followed:
1. C++ Primer, Fifth Edition by Stanley B.Lippman
2. Introduction to Computing Systemsfrom Bits and Gates to C and Beyond by Y.Y. Patt and S Patel, 3rdEdition
EE 102 : Introduction to Computing
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AGENDA
Computers In Society
Computers For Individual Use
Computers For Organizations
Evolution of Computers
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Computers In Society
More impact than any otherinvention
Changed work and leisure activities
Used by all demographic groups
Computers are important because:
Provide information to users Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult
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Computers In Society
Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Most American homes have Internet
Computers are used for
Business
Entertainment
Communication
Education
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Computers In Society
Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
Computers in small business
Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage
Computers in industry
Computers are used to design products
Assembly lines are automated
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Computers In Society
Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care
New treatments possibleScheduling of patients has
improved
Delivery of medicine is safer
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Computers For Individual Use
Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks
Workstations
Specialized computers
Optimized for science or graphics
More powerful than a desktop
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Computers For Individual Use
Notebook computers
Small portable computers
Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
About 8 by 11 inches
Typically as powerful as a desktop
Can include a docking station
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Handheld computers
Very small computers
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact management
Data can synchronize with a desktop
Smart phones
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
Web surfing, e-mail access
Computers For Individual Use
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Computers For Organizations
Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
Provides access to network resources
Multiple servers are called server farms
Often simply a powerful desktop
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Computers For Organizations
Mainframes
Used in largeorganizations
Handle thousandsof users
Users access
through a terminal
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Computers For Organizations
Supercomputers
The most powerfulcomputers made
Handle large andcomplex calculations
Process trillions ofoperations persecond
Found in researchorganizations
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EVOLUTIONOF
CCOMPUTERS
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NEED FOR COMPUTERS
Basic Arithmetic Functions.
Processing Data.
Storage Data.
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GENESIS OF THECOMPUTERS
Earliest Computer (Abacus) used foraddition and subtraction.
These are analogue computers which havebeen replaced in modern times by pocketcalculators.
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Contd1939 The first semi-electronic digital computing
device is constructed byJohn Atanassoff.
The "Mark I" Automatic SequenceControlled Calculator, the first fullyautomatic calculator, is begun at Harvard
by mathematician Howard Aiken. Itsdesigned purpose was to generate ballistictables for Navy artillery.
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Contd
Controlled Calculator or Harvard Mark I(1944)-first information- processing machine
An electromechanical computer with 760,000wheels, 500 miles of wire, and a panel 51 ftlong and 8ft high
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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS First Generation Computers: (1950-1959)
Second Generation Computers: (1959-1969)
Third Generation Computers (1969-1977)
Fourth Generation Computers (1977-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Yet to come)
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COMPUTER NETWORKComputer networking started - 960s when time-sharingservices were first available to the public. Computernetworking has been developed at three levels:
Local area network (LAN) that interconnect computers
located within a relative small area such as a collegecampus
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) representing LANtechnologies optimized for a metropolitan area such as acity
Wide Area Network (WAN) providing communicationservices over several kilometres, across the nation, or
around the globe
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CONTD ISDN: Came into existence in1970s:
regarded as an all-purpose digital network inthat it will provide an integrated access that
will support a wide variety of applications in aflexible and cost-effective manner. ISDN-
I ntegrated Service Digital Network
i ifi i
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Robotics And Artificial
Intelligence
A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctionalmanipulator designed to perform functionsordinarily ascribed to humanbeings
Robot age began in 1954 when George C. Devol,who is regarded as the "father of robot," patented thefirst manipulator with a playback memory.
In 1969 and 1970, researchers at Stanford ResearchInstitute (SRI) produced a mobile robot, known asShakey, which had some vision capability
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Robot
A machine capable of carrying out acomplex series of actions automatically.
(esp. in science fiction) A machine
resembling a human being and able toreplicate certain human movements andfunctions.
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Contd
By the year 1978,there were about 2,500industrial robots in the United States.
University1980 witnessed theestablishment of the largest universitylaboratory on robotics at Carnegie
Mellon.
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FIRST GENERATION
COMPUTERS(1941-1956)
Operating instructions built with specifictask in mind
Only machine language possible
Difficulty and malfunctions
Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums
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EXAMPLES OF 1STGEN
ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integratorand computer
University of Pennsylvania and The USGovernment
John Presper Eckert and John W Mauchly-
general purpose computer
18,000 vacuum tubes, 7000 resistors
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Contd..
EDVAC- Electronic Discrete VariableAutomatic Computer
Stored programme and data
Von Neumann
Single source control
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Contd
UNIVAC I- Universal Automatic Computer
Remington Rand
US Census Bureau and General Electric
The amazing prediction!
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SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1956-1963)
Invention of transistors
Shift from vacuum
Large scale machines made-atomic energy labs
Machine language replaced
Assembly vs binary
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contd
Showed modern day comp characteristics
Modern day utilities
Financial information processed
Instructions stored in memory
COBOL and FORTRAN were used (still in use forsome applications)
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THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTERS(1964-1971)
Faults of the transistor
IC (Integrated Circuit) -1958-Jack Kilby
Electronic components combined into
silicon chip- quartz Advancement-more components
Operating systems advantageous
Memory monitoring
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The ENIAC (Electronic NumericalIntegrator and Computer) is theworld's first electronic computer
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BRIEF HISTORY
In 1946, John Mauchly and JPresper Eckert developed theENIAC I
(Electrical Numerical IntegratorAnd Calculator).
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Contd
It was a war time effort by the University ofPensylvania's Moore School of ElectricalEngineering for the U.S Army's Ballistics
Reseach Lab at Aberdeen Maryland.
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Contd
The U.S. military sponsored their research;
they needed a calculating device for writingartillery-firing tables (the settings used fordifferent weapons under varied conditionsfor target accuracy).
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PHYSICAL FEATURES
It spanned 150 feet in width with twenty banksof flashing lights indicating the results of itscomputations.
Weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts ofelectrical power
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Contd.
The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes.
70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays,6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints.
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PERFORMANCE
ENIAC could perform5,000 additions, 357multiplications or 38divisions.
The use of vacuumtubes instead ofswitches and relayscreated the increase inspeed
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Contd.
It was a 4 digit decimal arithmetic unit basedon vacuum tubes.
It could store 4 digits in memory (2 digitseach on the left and right).
Add and subtract 2 digits + 2 digits, performtransfer in 200 sec, and display results or
store them in memory.
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LIMITATIONS
It was unable to store program.
It had to be manually wired to execute
a particular program.
It could not be reprogrammed easily
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EDSAC contained 3,000 vacuum tubes andused mercury delay lines for memory.
Programs were input using paper tape andoutput results were passed to a tele-printer.
Additionally, EDSAC is credited as using oneof the first assemblers called "Initial Orders,"
which allowed it to be programmedsymbolically instead of using machine code. a
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There were a few large defects.The most significant one was how long it would take toreprogram it.
Previously, mechanical computers had beenprogrammed with cards or punched tape, but the Eniacwould operate too fast for that to be feasible, so therewasnt any apparent alternative to internal programming
- where a programmer would have to go rewire things tochange the program. This could take hours or even daysfor a new program to be written
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Electronic Discrete Variable AutomaticComputer, or EDVAC
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The actual ENIAC Type Arithmetic Systemand binary vacuum tube electronic computerare currently preserved in the Special Materials
Room of the Faculty of Engineering of OsakaUniversity.
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The Moore School computer nonethelessprovided a crucial step in a progression oftechnological advances; it also served to
convince military scientists and technicalexperts of the value and practicability ofelectronic computation. The resulting
enthusiasm was compounded by the advent ofthe Cold War;
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The rate of change in artillery designs and thechanging patterns of warfare created demands thatexceeded their computational capacity. At any other
time, the ideas worked out by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert--only 32 and 23 years old at the timethat they met--would have been dismissed asimpractical. Under other circumstances, their ideas
would have been rejected for the simple reason thatthe ENIAC would cost too much to build
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History
Designed by Ceymour Cray for CDC (1960).Left CDC to form a new company; Cray
research.
Manufactured supercomputers with newdesigns and became the top spot in the market(198590).
Today the pioneers in this field are IBM andHP.
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Classifications
Specific purposeGeneral purpose
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Challenges
Costly Protection from dust
Needs large storage capacity
Produces large amount of heat Protection from external heat
Huge machine
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Uses
Weather forecastingMilitary purposes
Molecular modeling
Nuclear research
Physical simulations
Scientific research
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Future computers
What will computers be like in the future? The computers of tomorrow wontbe on top
of desks and wont have a monitor, keyboardand case. They may look like a pen, box, sun
glasses etc.
The near future, crystal holographic memory iscoming on line at MCC.
Computers may be in a 2 or 3 part unit.Stationary semi-stationary and mobile.
How will we communicate with future
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How will we communicate with future
computers?
Get rid of keyboardsWe donthave to use our keyboard instead justsit before the monitor and tell the password or
just speak to your monitor. That will light upyour files on the internet. Our monitor willrecognize our voice.
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How will the futurecomputers look like ?
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It pro uces ot t e mon tor as we as t e ey oar onflat surfaces from where you can just carry out the
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flat surfaces from where you can just carry out the
normal operations .
Some computers look like boxes in which laserb d h fl f f h
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pbeams produces on the flat surface from whereyou can do your operations.
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THANK YOU