HISTORY OF SPEECH-
LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY
August 2014
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW OUR HISTORY? It can lead to a better understanding of
the socio-cultural circumstance surrounding their practices and decisions
As practicing clinicians, you need to understand why we do what we do, and how standards of practice came to be
ORIGINS OF SPEECH PATHOLOGY IN AMERICA: WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE????? Professional educators Not certified Took an interest in helping individuals with speech problems
EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCES: DID YOU KNOW... The first clinicians gained expertise in
different ways Made up of legitimate professionals of
their time Professions included educators,
physicians and elocutionists
EXAMPLES Elijah Corlett (1643), a well-respected
Boston schoolmaster, advised Cotton Mather on how to deal with his stuttering problems
EXAMPLES
Alexander Melville Bell (1864) and his son Alexander Graham Bell (1870) referred to themselves as elocutionists
HOW DID PRACTIONERS GET EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE? Serving as apprentices of well known established speech clinicians in Europe
Studying their techniques
EUROPEAN PRACTITIONERS: DID YOU KNOW?..... Physicians
primary practice was made up of individuals with communication disorders
Were referred to as “speech doctors”
NOTEWORTHY EXAMPLES Herrman Klenke and Hermann Gutzman had clinics in Germany
Raphael Coen and Emil Froeschels had clinics in Austria
OTHER WAYS TO ENTER THE PROFESSION Those who developed methods for remediating communication difficulties in themselves or someone they knew well.
Many opened their own clinics in America
SOME NOTEWORTHY EARLY PIONEERS Benjamin Nathaniel Bogue ran the
“Stuttering Institute” in Indianapolis, IN Robert Bates, a stutterer himself,
invented devices for eliminating stuttering
George Andrew Lewis ran the “Lewis Institute” a clinic focused on stuttering
Edgar Werner published the first professional journal, “The Voice” in 1879.
EARLY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS “National Society for the Study
of Speech Correction and Speech Disorders”
Founded in 1918 and continued until 1939
This group was comprised of teachers and considered themselves as a subgroup of the National Education Association
Led by Walter Babcock Smith
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS CONTINUED “The National Teachers of Speech” Formed in 1925 and eventually became
ASHA It had 25 founding members, 13 of
which were affiliated with Universities Made up of physicians, scholars, and
public school administrators This group went through 4 name
changes before deciding on “American Speech-Language-Hearing Association” (ASHA)
THE BEGINNINGS OF ASHA The members of ASHA were determined
to keeping their organization small and selective
Minimal criteria for entrance to the group was a master’s degree, or publication records
ASHAs charter members had diverse yet complimentary areas of expertise including speech communication, English, psychology, otolaryngology, and psychiatry
FOUNDING PROGRAMS Graduate program was established in 1914
University of Wisconsin
ASHA First national office was located in Washington D.C.
Currently located in Rockville, Maryland
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD Design of diagnostic tools normative data for creating a more
scientific base for research and practice Creating and advancing taxonomies of
the causes and conditions associated with different communication disorders
Developing tools to measure performance in a variety of areas
Creating standards from normative data in order to differentiate abnormal from normal performance
FUN MOVIE FACTS Several motion pictures have depicted individuals that we as clinicians could have had on our caseload at one time or another
THE MUSIC MAN- 1962http://youtu.be/49ZgqLV3b9w
“The Miracle Worker”- 1962
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUV65sV8nu0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJr9SSJKkII
“ My Fair Lady”- 1964
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pJywLQLzcA
“CHILDREN OF A LESSER GOD”-1986
“What’s Eating Gilbert Grape?”-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEw7vxjLbE
“A FISH CALLED WANDA” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F6Il
u4LJio
THE KING’S SPEECH http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xfqi4
a_movie-trailers-the-king-s-speech-clip-exercise_fun
QUESTION___________ a well-respected Boston schoolmaster, advised Cotton Mather on how to deal with his stuttering problems
A. Elijah CarsonB. Elijah CorbettC. Alexander Graham BellD. Melvin Bell
ANSWERSElijah Corbett
QUESTION ASHA went through _____ name
changes before settling on American Speech-Language Hearing Association
A. 3B. 5C. 4D. 2
ANSWER 4
QUESTIONAlexander Melville Bell (1864) and his son Alexander Graham Bell (1870) referred to themselves as________________.
A. LocutionistsB. ElocutionistsC. IllocutionersD. Elocutists
ANSWERS Elocutionists
WHO INVENTED “VISUAL SPEECH”?A. Elijah CorbetB. Edgar WernerC. Alexander Melvin BellD. Herrman Kleinke
ANSWER C Alexander Melvin Bell
FUN FACTS ABOUT ALEXANDER MELVIN BELL 1819- born in Edinboro, Scotland was a teacher and researcher of
physiological phonetics was the author of numerous works on
orthoepy and elocution. 1864 Melville published his first works
on Visible Speech, in order to help the deaf both learn and improve upon their aural speech
FUN FACTS ABOUT ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-born in Edinburgh, Scotland With no formal training, he mastered the piano and
became the family's pianist. 1863-built an automaton head; His efforts resulted in a
remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words
He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation
1870- he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief
1894-professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory
FUN FACTS ABOUT COTTON MATHER SALEM WITCH TRIALS Mr Cotton Mather was the most active and forward of any Minister in the Country in
those matters [the Goodwin children and Goody Glover],[
Mather was influential in the construction of the court for the trials from the beginning.
Mather's most fatal influence over the trials was in composing the answer to the question of whether or not to allow spectral evidence, that is, allowing the afflicted girls to claim that some invisible ghost of the defendant was tormenting them, and for this to be considered evidence of witchcraft by the defendant, even if the defendant denied it and professed their own strongly held Christian beliefs.
Spectral evidence is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. It was admitted in court during the Salem witch trials
Mather began to publicize and celebrate the trials well before they were put to an end
both Mathers "are answerable... more than almost any other... for the opinions of their time. It was indeed a superstitious age, but made much more so by their operations, influence, and writings, beginning with Increase Mather's movement at the assembly of Ministers in 1681 and ending with Cotton Mather's dealings with the Goodwin children, and the account thereof which he printed [1689] and circulated far and wide."[39]
He calls himself a historian not an advocate, but writes in such a way that clearly presumes the guilt of the accused and adding insults e.g. calling Martha Carrier a rampant hag
QUESTION Where was Raphael Coen’s Clinic?A. GermanyB. Austria
ANSWERB. Austria
QUESTION Who is this?
A. Elijah Corbett
B. Alexander Melvin Bell
C. Alexander Graham Bell
D. Cotton Mather