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History of Spaceflight
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Flight and Space
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Chinese Used Rockets in Battle• In 1232 AD the
Chinese used rockets against the Mongols
• An arrow with a tube of gunpowder produced an arrow of flying fire
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Historical Discoveries
Johannes Kepler• In 1609 discovered that
the paths of the planets around the Sun are elliptical
• Determined the relative velocity of a planet as it travels around the Sun as well as a method for determining its period (the amount of time it takes to make one orbit)
• Proved that our Sun was the center of the solar system
Kepler’s platonic solid model of the solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596)
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Isaac Newton• In 1687 published a book
that stated his basic laws of motion – these govern the movement of objects on Earth and in space
• Formulated a universal law of gravitation that explains the orbit of objects around stars and planets
• Was a pioneer of calculus, which is a type of mathematics critical for space flight
Historical Discoveries
Sir Isaac Newton - 1702
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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky• In 1903 determined the basic equations of rocketry• Rocketry visionary who thought space travel was
possible • Drew pictures of rockets and predicted how the Saturn V
rocket would operate for the first landing of humans on the moon 65 years later
Historical Discoveries
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian rocket scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics.
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Dr. Robert Goddard• The Goddard Space Flight
Center was named in honor of Dr. Robert Goddard, a pioneer in rocket development.
• By 1926 Goddard had constructed and successfully tested the first rocket using liquid fuel.
Historical Discoveries
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German Rocket Experimenters
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Rocket Engine
The development of the rocket engine in the 1940s and 1950s provided us with the necessary thrust to break free of the Earth’s gravity and thus enter space.
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USSR launches Sputnik 1
• Sputnik 1• The Russians
launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite, on October 4,1957.
• Sputnik traveled 500 miles above the Earth’s surface, flying at 18,000 miles an hour.
• Sputnik circled the globe every 96 minutes. It flew over the U.S. seven times a day.
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USA launches Vanguard
March 1958
Americans successfully launch a man-made satellite.
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USSR – Yuri Gagarin
• First person to orbit the earth• April 12, 1961• Demonstrated that the Soviets were ahead
in the space race with the U.S.
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USA – John Glenn
• First American to orbit the earth
• Completed three orbits on February 20, 1962, aboard Friendship 7
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USSR – Valentina Tereshkova
• First woman in space• First “ordinary” person in
space• Textile worker and
amateur parachuter who became a cosmonaut
• June 1963 spent 71 hours orbiting Earth 48 times in capsule Sea Gull
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First Manned Mission to the Moon
First Landing on the Moon
Kennedy’s Speech
May 25, 1961
8 Years Later . . .
Apollo 11
July 20, 1969
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Manned Spaceflight
Space shuttle - a re-usable rocket vehicle with short wings that allow it to land on a runway like an airplane.
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Manned Spaceflight
Space stations -intended for long-term residence
International Space Station (ISS)
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Unmanned Spaceflight• Satellites that observe our Sun, the
solar system, or the universe
• Satellites that observe the Earth from above for scientific, military, and commercial purposes
• Satellites that sample their local environment
• Satellites used for the benefit of humanity
• Spacecraft that are not tied to Earth's gravitational field but explore other planets
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“Living” on the Moon
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“Living” on the Moon
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Image ResourcesNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (June 2009).
Great images in NASA. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from http://grin.hq.nasa.gov
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2009). A timeline of rocket history. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/
Star Child (n.d.). Valentina Tereshkova. Retrieved January 4, 2010, from http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/tereshkova.html
Teach Engineering. (2006). Destination outer space. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from http://teachengineering.org