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Higher taxonomy of mammals
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria
7 Orders
Infraclass Eutheria
21 Orders
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Order Monotremata Tachyglossidae
Ornithorhynchidae
Tachyglossus
Zaglossus
Ornithorhynchus
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Monotremes are very different from other mammals
• Lay eggs
• No nipples for lactation
• Teeth absent (except juvenile platypus)
• Electrosenory ability in bills and beaks
• No auditory bullae; cochlea of inner ear curved, not
coiled
• Shoulder girdle retains primitive structure with rigid
connections between shoulders and sternum
• Epipubic bones
• Cervical ribs
• Males with ankle spurs and poison glands
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Metatheria vs Eutheria
• Fused Uteri
• Birth through vaginal canal
• Non-Bifid penis
• Posterior scrotum
• Precocial or moderately altricial young
• Development in uterus
• Bifid Uteri
• Birth through
pseudovaginal canal
• Bifid Penis (some)
• Anterior scrotum
• Very altricial young
• Marsupium or pouch
(most but not all!)
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IDing Marsupials
• Fenestrated palate
• Inflected angular processes
• Number of upper incisors usually higher
than lower incisors (Not in Vombatidae)
• Premolars 3/3, molars 4/4 (primitive)
• Relatively small braincase
• Epipubic bones
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Orders of Marsupials
• Didelphimorphia (S Am, N Am)
• Microbiotheria (S Am)
• Paucituberculata (S Am)
• Dasyuromorphia (Aust)
• Peramelemorphia (Aust)
• Notoryctemorphia (Aust)
• Diprotodontia (Aust)
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Didelphimorphia
• American opossums
• One Family: Didelphidae
• Range: US south through
South America
• Terrestrial, arboreal and
semiaquatic
• 5/4 incisors
Didelphis virginiana
Marmosa murina
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Microbiotheria
• Monito del monte
• One family:
Microbiotheriidae
• One living species:
Dromiciops gliroides
• Range: South-Central
Chile
• Arboreal, possum-like
• More closely related to
Australian marsupials than
other S Am marsupials
Dromiciops gliroides
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Paucituberculata
• Shrew-opossums
• One family:
Caenolestidae
• Range: western South
America, mostly in
Andes
• Terrestrial,
insectivorous
Rhyncholestes raphanurus
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Dasyuromorphia
• Marsupial Carnivores
• Three Families:
Dasyuridae: Range of carnivores; includes quolls, Tasmanian devils, dibblers
Myrmecobiidae: termite-eating numbat
Thylacinidae: Tasmanian wolf; extinct
• Range: Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea
• 4/3 incisors
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Dasyuromorphia
Tiger quoll
Dasyurus maculatus
Southern dibbler
Parantechinus apicalis
Dasyuridae
Tasmanian devil
Sarcophilus harrisii
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Numbat
Myrmecobius fasciatus
Myrmecobiidae Thylacinidae
Tasmanian wolf
Thylacinus cynocephalus
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Peramelemorphia
• Bandicoots and bilbies
• Three Families:
– Thylacomyidae: bilbies
– Peramelidae: bandicoots
– Chaeropodidae: pig-footed
bandicoot (extinct)
• Range: Australia,
Tasmania, New Guinea
• 4-5/3 incisors
• Chorioallantoic placenta
Northern Brown Bandicoot
Isoodon macrourus
Greater bilby
Macrotis lagotis
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Notoryctemorphia
• Marsupial moles
• One family: Notoryctidae
• Range: Central and Western Australia
• Fossorial, live in deserts
• Very large, spade-like claws
Notoryctes typhlops
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Diprotodontia
• Largest Order of Marsupials
• 11 Families:
– Phascolarctidae: koalas
– Vombatidae: wombats
– Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
– Burramyidae: pygmy possums
– Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums, greater glider
– Petauridae: gliders, striped and Leadbeater’s possums
– Tarsipedidae: honey possum or noolbenger
– Acrobatidae: feathertail glider and possum
– Hypsoprymnodontidae: musky rat kangaroo
– Potoroidae: bettongs, potoroos, rat kangaroos
– Macropodidae: kangaroos and wallabies
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Diprotodontia
• Named for single pair of lower incisors
• Large range of sizes from small possums to
the larger kangaroos
• Terrestrial, semifossorial, and arboreal
• Range: Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea,
Indonesia
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Diprotodontia Phascolarctidae Vombatidae
Koala
Phascolarctos cinereus
Northern hairy-nosed
wombat
Lasiorhinus krefftii
Vombatus ursinus
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Diprotodontia Phalangeridae
Burramyidae
Mountain pygmy possum
Burramys parvus
Cuscus
Phalanger
Common brushtail
Trichosurus vulpecula
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Diprotodontia Pseudocheiridae
Greater glider
Petauroides volans Common ringtail
Pseudocheirus peregrinus
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Diprotodontia
Leadbeater’s Possum
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
Petauridae
Striped possum
Dactylopsila trivirgata
Sugar glider
Petaurus breviceps
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Diprotodontia
Feather-tail glider
Acrobates pygmaeus
Acrobatidae Tarsipedidae
Noolbenger or honey possum
Tarsipes rostratus
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Diprotodontia
Burrowing bettong
Bettongia lesueur
Potoroidae
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Musky rat kangaroo
Hypsiprymnodon moschatus
Long-footed potoroo
Potorus longipes
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Lumholtz tree kangaroo
Dendrolagus lumholtzi
Diprotodontia Macropodidae
Gray kangaroo
Macropus giganteus
Yellow-footed rock
wallaby
Petrogale xanthopus