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§ High time value for travelers and goods
§ Demand for rapid, reliable transport
§ Increasing urban/suburban land value
§ Demand for routine access to remote areas
§ Requirements for robust military systems
§ Opportunities for advanced technologies
Features of the Future World EnvironmentFeatures of the Future World Environment
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q Road transport is no longer a candidate- Requires valuable land in urban areas- High capital cost- Not a high-speed or long-distance solution
- Adverse environmental impact
q Rail offers just a partial solution- Inflexible routes, high capital cost, topographical constraints- Cost effective only at high traffic densities- Competes with other uses for land
q Fixed-wing air capacity is severely limited by need for runways- Runway capacity is the bottleneck- New runways are costly, require valuable land, raise
environmental concerns, and have long lead times- Urban and suburban airports (DCA, LGA, SFO, SJC, MIA, LAX,
etc.) will be under great pressure to relocate
The Transportation DilemmaThe Transportation Dilemma
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Flight Delays Will WorsenFlight Delays Will WorsenWithout Corrective ActionWithout Corrective Action
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1996 2000 2005 2010 2015
Predicted Delay Increase at a Major Hub AirportBased on MITRE DPAT Model
X=15 min
X=30 min
X=45 minNumber of Aircraft
Delayed byMore Than X Minutes
Year
Source: Donohue, G., “Investing in Air Transportation Research,” Aerospace America, Sept. 2000, pp. 28-31
Single day, good weatherSingle airport, major hubTotal landings1996: 9972000: 1,3782005: 1,5762010: 1,7762015: 1,910
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Future Rotorcraft VisionFuture Rotorcraft Vision
ü True point-to-point or door-to-door transport
A mix of vertical lift air vehicles
ü Complete flexibility of origin and destination
ü No need for extensive real estate or large infrastructure investment
ü No constraints on system throughput dictated by the need for runways
operating within a three-dimensional grid
will revolutionize air transportation mobility:
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Vertiport to Vertiport
Transportation
SimultaneousNon-InterferingOperations atHub Airports
IntelligentDoor-to-Door
Air Taxi System
Door-to-DoorPersonal Transport
UninhabitedInformation-on-Demand
Surveillance System
Rotorcraft VisionRotorcraft VisionSmall Air
Transportation SystemServing Local Airports
Vertiport to Airport
Transportation
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Just-in-TimeDoor-to-Door
Expressand Cargo
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Commuter fixed wing aircraft (< 300 nm) carry 20% of the passengers, yet account for 40%
of the departures at major hub airports
Commuter fixed wing aircraft (< 300 nm) carry 20% of the passengers, yet account for 40%
of the departures at major hub airports
Improves terminal area airspace safety and reliability
• Separate corridors and runway traffic for slower aircraft and jet transports
• Improved separation in departure corridors
Runway Independent Aircraft OperationsRunway Independent Aircraft Operations
Increases airport throughput by 25% and reduces delays at airports
• Provides 50% as much delay reduction as a new runway
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8Source: Civil Tiltrotor (CTR) Feasibility Study - Impact at EWR
Projected Operations and Delay at EWR 1997 to 2017
01
23
45
67
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
Operations
Minutes of delay per operation
baseline
baseline with CTR
Benefit of RunwayBenefit of RunwayIndependent OperationsIndependent Operations
1997 2007 2017
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Simultaneous Non-Interfering Operations for trips under 300 miles enable 30% throughput increase at hubs that account for 80% of traffic
Eliminating runway use for short-haul travel increases capacity by 25%
RunwayRunway--Independent RotorcraftIndependent RotorcraftCan IncreaseCan Increase
System Throughput by 25% or MoreSystem Throughput by 25% or More
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Enabling Tomorrow’s Air Transportation System
National Traffic Flow Management
Arrival/Departure Decision Support Tools
Integrated Airspace Decision Support Tools
Conflict
Flight Deck
AOC ATSP
Surface Congestion Alleviation
Runway Productivity ATM/TFM Weather
Integration
Runway Independent Aircraft Operations
Reduce separation in the terminal area
Remove restrictions across
facility/sector boundaries
Eliminate surface
congestion
Improved traffic flow
management
AvSTARAvSTAR(Aviation Systems Technology Advanced Research)(Aviation Systems Technology Advanced Research)
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Rotorcraft Can SharplyRotorcraft Can SharplyReduce DoorReduce Door--toto--Door TimeDoor Time
Airport to Airport (Fixed Wing)
30 miles @ 45 mph
40 min.Check-in45 min.
200 miles @ 400 mph
30 min.
Departure5 min.
Approach & landing
5 min.
Mode change20 min.
30 miles @ 45 mph40 min.
Total trip time200 miles: 185 min.300 miles: 200 min.
+ Delay
Check-in15 min.
200 miles @ 300 mph
40 min.
Departure2 min.
Approach & landing
3 min.
Mode change10 min.
GA Airport/Vertiport to GA Airport/Vertiport (Tiltrotor)
Total trip time200 miles: 110 min.300 miles: 130 min.
15 miles @ 45 mph
20 min.
15 miles @ 45 mph20 min.
Check-in15 min.
200 miles @ 200 mph
60 min.
Departure2 min.15 miles
@ 45 mph20 min.
Approach & landing
3 min.
Mode change10 min.
15 miles @ 45 mph20 min.
Total trip time200 miles: 130 min.300 miles: 160 min.
GA Airport/Vertiport to GA Airport/Vertiport (Helicopter)
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Barriers to Achieving the VisionBarriers to Achieving the Vision
Ø Cost per Seat-Mile or Ton-Mile
Ø Community Acceptance
Ø Reliable All-Weather Service
Ø Perceived Safety
Ø Passenger Acceptance (Ride Comfort, Speed, etc.)
Ø Piloting Skill Required
Ø Infrastructure for 3-D Grid Operation
Key Inhibitors to Expanded Rotorcraft Applications:
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Effects of Technology ImprovementEffects of Technology Improvement
1994Gross Weight: 126 tons
Unit Flyaway Cost: $186 mil.
U.S. Army Future Transport Rotorcraft20-ton Payload, 300-mile Mission Radius
200562 tons (-51%)
$74 mil. (-61%)
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• Fuel consumption• Contingency ratings• Power-to-weight ratio• Operating/overhaul cost
• Reduction ratios per stage • Power-to-weight ratio• Operating/overhaul cost
• Aeromechanics: 31%• Hover efficiency• Propulsive efficiency• Vehicle drag• Predictive design tools• Vibratory loads
• Weight reduction• Advanced materials• Design optimization tools• Manufacturing cost
1994 - 2005
Future Transport Helicopter
Percent gross weight/cost reduction by source
Effects of Technology ImprovementEffects of Technology Improvement
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TiltrotorTiltrotor Noise Reduction BreakthroughsNoise Reduction Breakthroughs
Typical reductions of 12.5 dB
demonstrated in wind tunnel tests
Low-noise approach profiles
reduce noise footprint
HHC OnTip-Path Plane = - 3o
VV
HHC OffTip-Path Plane = +3o
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.30 -
.20 -
.10 -
+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Vibration, g’s
+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Cruise Speed, km/hr350 -
300 -
250 -
200 -
.85 -
.80 -
.75 -
.70 -
.65 -+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Hover Efficiency
.80 -
.70 -
.60 -
.50 -
+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Empty Weight Fraction
Helicopters
Tiltrotors
Enhanced crashworthiness,mission equipment, etc.+ + + + +
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Cruise Speed, km/hr350 -
300 -
250 -
200 -
.85 -
.80 -
.75 -
.70 -
.65 -+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Hover Efficiency .30 -
.20 -
.10 -
+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Vibration, g’s.85 -
.80 -
.75 -
.70 -
.65 -+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Hover Efficiency
+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Cruise Speed, km/hr350 -
300 -
250 -
200 -
.85 -
.80 -
.75 -
.70 -
.65 -+ + + + +1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Hover Efficiency
Rotorcraft Technology TrendsRotorcraft Technology Trends
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LongLong--Range Technology GoalsRange Technology Goals
ATTRIBUTE CURRENT LEVEL 2022 TARGET
Hover Efficiency = 0.78 0.87
L/D x Prop. Efficiency = 7 at Vcruise 13 at Vcruise
EW Fraction = .55 (helo) -.62 (tiltrotor) 30% reduction
Helicopter = 170 kts 200 kts
Tiltrotor = 250 kts Advanced Config. = 350 - 400 kts
External Noise External noise metric TBD Below annoyance threshold
Vibration & Internal Noise .05g vibration Imperceptible (.005g)
Pilot aiding Operator "directs" vehicle
Autonomous flight (UAV) Autonomous mission optimization
Reliability metric TBD Equivalent to fixed-wing airliners
Accident rate comparable to General Aviation
Equivalent to fixed-wing airliners
IFR-capable Fully autonomous zero-zero
Limited icing capability No restrictions due to icing
Reliability & Safety
All-Weather Operability
Vehicle Efficiency
Cruise Speed
Intelligent Automation & Cockpit Integration
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Swashplate-less control
Reverse velocity airfoils
Low-noise geometry
Active vibration and noise control
Super-safe rotor and drive shaft
Active blowing and boundary layer modification
Variable speed, intelligent, self-reconfigurable drive system
Advanced Rotor/DriveAdvanced Rotor/DriveSystem ConceptsSystem Concepts
Smart material “morphing” blade geometry
Continuous control of shape and airflow achieves near-ideal performance
Lightweight rotor construction
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BioBio--Analogous Distributed SystemsAnalogous Distributed Systems
Active aerodynamic controls
Intelligentoperatorinterface
Self-monitoring, adaptive, reconfigurable,
self-healing systems
Distributed sensors,
processors, and actuation
devices
Distributed sensors, processors, and actuation devices tailor drag and lift, counter vibration,
diagnose faults, and implement corrective action
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Advanced Vehicle ConfigurationsAdvanced Vehicle ConfigurationsHigh speed enhances productivity of
piloted and uninhabited rotorcraft
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Environmentallyfriendly
• Low-noise rotor
Personal TransportPersonal Transport““CrashproofCrashproof” Rotorcraft” Rotorcraft
• Low-cost construction
• Affordable propulsion system
Economical
• Smart autonomous self-reconfigurable control system
• Super-safe health & usage monitoring and advanced diagnostics
Safe and easy to operate
UAV technology and smart systems enhance safety and reliability
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Intelligent Rotorcraft Systems
Efficient Active Rotor
Revolutionary Configurations
Vehicle Efficiency x x x
Cruise Speed x x x
External Noise x x x
Vibration & Internal Noise x x x
Intelligent Automation & Cockpit Integration x x
Design for Reliability & Safety x x x
All-Weather Operability x
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
ATTRIBUTES
High Payoff Research TopicsHigh Payoff Research TopicsHave Robust PotentialHave Robust Potential
X Primary influence
X Secondary influence
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Ø Rotorcraft can play a key role in the air transportation system of the future …
ConclusionsConclusions
Ø … if they can achieve competitive ticket cost, community acceptance, and passenger comfort
Ø Rotorcraft have improved on many fronts, but the technology is still maturing
Ø A strong research effort will be needed to meet NASA, DoD, and industry goals
Ø Meeting 21st Century air transport needs represents a significant growth opportunity for the rotorcraft community