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High Energy Astrophysics Experiments
In The Laboratory & On Supercomputers*
Edison Liang
Rice University
Collaborators: Rice students & postdocs plus
UT Austin, LANL, LLNL, UCUI, OU
UHCL Talk, February 2014
* Work supported by NSF, DOE & NASA
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EXAMPLES:
Gamma-Ray Bursts --- Laser-Generated Relativistic
Fireballs
Black Hole Annihilation Flares --- Laser-Generated Pair-
Balanced Plasmas
Numerical
Simulations
Scalable
Laboratory
Experiments
Astronomy
Observation
made possible by recent advances in HPC
High Energy Density Physics
Shocks and
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Sample HEA processes accessible
using relativistic laser experiments
1. e+e- Pair plasmas
2. Intense X-Gamma-ray Environments ~ GRBs
3. Collisionless Shocks & Shear Flows
4. >109G B-fields Generation
5. Magnetic Reconnection
6. Poynting Flux & Particle Energization
Plus many others under consideration
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Reconnection &
MRI turbulence
cascade
shear boundary
Collisionless
shock
pair plasma
gamma-ray
beam
Lab experiments cannot reproduce global features. But they can
mimic the local physical processes and their radiation output
Important Issue: what are the “scalable” processes & phenomena?
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We/wpe
log<g> or kT
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
4
3
2
1
0
GRB
Microquasars
Accreting Black Holes
laser-solid interactions
Phase space of laser plasmas overlap some relevant
relativistic astrophysics regimes
solid
densitycoronal
density
PulsarWind
Blazar
2x1022Wcm-2
2x1020
2x1018
LWFA
(magnetization)
GRB
Afterglow
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Omega laserOmega laser facility,
Univ. of Rochester
Many new 0.1-1 kJ-class PW lasers are coming
on line in the US, Europe and Asia
The National Ignition Facility
LLNL
Omega-EP
1kJ, 10ps
ARC
(12kJ,10ps, future)
FIREX
Gekko
ILE Osaka
(TPW:180J,150fs)
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
typical diagnostics and target setup
TC1 with
f/3
mirror
laser
target
normal
detector
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e+e-
eTrident
Bethe-
Heitler
MeV e-
Ultra-intense laser is the most efficient tool to make
e+e- pairs (mc2~1MeV) in the laboratory
Lasers with intensity > 1019 W.cm-2 couple 10-50% of their
energy to “hot electrons” with kTe > MeV.
g
kT~I1/2
TPW
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Laser pair creation was first demonstrated by Cowan et al in
1999 and greatly improved by Chen et al (2009, 2010)
using laser intensities ~ few x1019 - 1020 W.cm-2.
Cowan et al 1999
Chen et al 2009
in 10 years the e+/e-
ratio has increased by
~100
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Measured e+e- pair yield follows same trend as
theory predictions
QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
(Henderson et al 2011)
kTe
TPW 2012 data
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Intense lasers create intense flux of >MeV gamma-rays.
gamma-ray output ~5-10% of Laser Energy, with beam angle ≤ 15o.
Maximum g-density ~ inside the GRB.
Total g-fluence ~ ISM at 10 pc from a GRB.
1. Interaction of pairs with gamma-rays and strong-B fields
2. Interaction of gamma-rays with ISM, e.g. dust grain
destruction with observable IR signatures.
10
5
0
Eg/EL%
FWHM~15o
Eg/Ee
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Tycho SNR Ia Cas-A SNR IIb
Collisionless Shocks likely Acceleration Sites for Cosmic Rays:
How do they efficiently generate magnetic fields and relativistic
particles?
Collisionless Shocks are ubiquitous in the universe
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Creation and Diagnostic of Collisionless Shocks using lasers
are very challenging, but great progress has been made in
the past few years by the ACSEL team
Expt at Omega Laser
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density and temperature
data are consistent with
theory predictions
for collisionless shocks
Discovery of self-
organized B-fields
was unexpected and
most exciting. Such
fields may be
important to particle
acceleration in shocks.
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Future
Ideas
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low density foam
shear boundary
layer
n>1019/cc,G~40
~mm
relativistic shear boundary layer may be formed by injecting
laser-created relativistic e+e- jet into a low density foam
shear boundary layer may be easier to form,
observe and diagnose than collisionless shocks
(adapted from picture courtesy of Wilks)
hollow cylinder
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Laser-coupled Helmholtz Coils can generate vacuum axial B ~ 107G.
It can be used to confine e+e- pair plasma to study pulsar & GRB.
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e+e-jetlaser
Magnetic
reconnection
and current
sheets dissipation
can be studied
using two
adjacent lasers
Physics of superstrong B can also be
studied in the lab using intense lasers:.
Measured magnetic fields inside laser targets
are now approaching ~ 109 gauss
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Reconnection Physics have been studied using two lasers
Data from RAL, Oxford UK experiments.
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2D model of a pair-cloud surrounded by a thin
accretion disk to explain the MeV-bump of Cyg X-1
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PW laser PW laser
Double-sided irradiation plus sheath focusing may provide
astrophysically relevant pair “fireball” in the center of
a thick target cavity: ideal lab for GRB & BH g-flares
3-5mm 3-5mm
high density “pure”
e+e- due to coulomb
repulsion of extra e-’s
diagnostics
diagnostics
Thermal equilibrium pair plasma and BKZS limit may be replicated
if we have multiple ARC beams staged in time sequence.
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Pulsar Wind = Linearly Polarized EM Wave but Loaded with
“overdense” Pair Plasma. How to do this with lasers?
Qu ic k T im e ™ a n d aGra p h ic s d e c o m p re s s o r
a re ne e d e d t o s e e th i s p ic tu re .
B y
Particles are captured and accelerated by multiple ponderomotive traps.
EM energy is mostly transferred to particle energy in the second
half of the pulse train.
t w o =4800
P x /100
B y /100n/n cr
By*10
px
00
twe=14400twe=540
xwe/3c xwe/3c
laser laser
e+e-
colliding laser pulses can load overdense e+e- plasma and accelerate them
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In Astrophysics, we need multi-physics, multi-scale
Computer Simulations that Include:
1. MHD for global dynamics
2. Radiation Transport for observable signatures
3. GR for strong gravity effects
4. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) Simulations for field generation,
dissipation and particle energization.
Our group is involved in all four types of simulations
and efforts to link simulations of different types
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high-energy spectral shape and help to discriminate between leptonic and hadronic
models.
Fig.1 M ulti-wavelength spectra of Sgr A*
observed by different instruments. The GLAST
sensitivity curve corresponds to 5-sigma detection
for 1-year integration (from Liu 2005).
INTEGRAL and EGRET data may be upper
limits for emission powered by Sgr A*. The red,
black, green lines show synchrotron emission
from the disks with the typical properties of the
plasmas indicated. The blue lines are for emission
powered by particle acceleration in the magnetic
field dominated polar-regions of the accretion
flow. The radio emission is produced by electron
synchrotron. The gamma-ray is due to neutral
pion decay from p-p reactions.
There are many competing models and scenarios of the multi-wavelength emissions of
Integral
Fig. 2: 2D GRMHD simulation of a hot non-radiativeaccretion disk around a Kerr black hole with a spin of0.94M. The simulation domain has an inner radius of1.3M and an outer boundary of 40M. The left andright panels show the magnetic field and densitystructures in logarithmic scales, respectively. Whilethe gas is concentrated in an equatorial accretiontorus, the magnetic field extends into the coronae anddominates in the two polar-regions. (Courtesy of Liu).We s uperpose a cylindrical grid on the left panel to
illustrate the mapping onto the MC photon code grid.
(from S. Liu et al )
High-energy emission of low-luminosity black hole such as SgrA* examplifies
accretion which requires energization above the level predicted by thermal SSC
model with only e-ion coulomb coupling
flare
quiescent
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weakly magnetized initial torus around BH
MRI-induced accretion flow with
saturated MHD turbulence
turbulence energization of
nonthermal electrons and ions
synchrotron emission by
nonthermal electrons
pion decay emission of
Nonthermal ions
SSC+EC of nonthermal
electrons
thermal MRI
disk modelsnew approach
GRMHD
PIC
MC
GEANT4
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MC photon transport
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B2 density
256x256
t=2002
MRI-induced flow from global GRMHD simulations
HARM code
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512x512 HARM code 256x256
Alternating current sheets get thinner with increasing resolution
but pattern maintains self-similarity
B2
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Fig.16 A h igh resolution local MRI run showing the bending and folding of current sheets in 3D (from
Obergaulinger et al 2005).
High-Resolution 3D-MHD simulations show persistence of
heavily folded current sheets
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ywe/c
xwe/c
Bz in
Bz out
Bz in
Jx
Jx
2.5 D PIC 1024x1024 doubly periodic grid, ~108 particles, mi=100me
Ti=0.25mec2
Te=0.25mec2
or 1.5mec2
Bx,y=Bosink(y,x)
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Single mode kL=4p Te=1.5mec2 Bz=10Bo We=5w pe
current sheet thickens and bents due to wave perturbations
twe=0 1000 4000
Bz
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Jx
twe=1000 4000
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Magnetic energy is efficiently converted to hot electrons due to
current sheet dissipation
Eem
Eparticle
EBz
Ee
Ei
EBxyEEtwe
twe
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Te=0.25mec2
Te=1.5mec2
fe(g)
fe(g)
fe(g)
fe(g)
g g
g g
With CS
With CS
No CS
No CS
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synchrotron
Photon spectrum using HARM output as input for the 2D-MC
code (95x95 grid) with density normalized by the Chandra
flare as due to bremsstrahlung. Note that our Compton hump
is lower than the result of Ohsuga et al 2005.
bremsstrahlung
Compton
Ohsuga et al 2005
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Limb-brightening of radio galaxies in VLBI observations
consistent with boundary layer emission of core-sheath jets
(from Giroletti et al. 2004).
Low-GHigh-G
Low-G
enhanced synchrotron emission
requires strong B-field and
particle acceleration
Relativistic shear boundary layer (SBL) dissipation likely
occur in many astrophysical platforms and settings
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.
X
B=0 kT=2.5 keV n=1
mi/me=1, 1836
20-40 particles/cell
px=-15mc
px=+15mc
px=-15mc
xwe/c
ywe/c
zwe/c
2048-
12288
512
1536
0
10241024Momentum-plane (P)
Transverse
plane (T)
We run 2-D simulations in both x-y and y-z planes plus
small 3-D runs to check the essential features of 2-D results
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pure e+e-
plasmapure
e-ion
plasma
90% e-ion
10% e+e-
plasma
3D Eem
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Evolution of Bz contours (in and out of the plane) for e+e- case.
Maximum Bz is close to equipartition values (B2/4p~ npoc)
twe= 50 twe= 1000twe= 300
y
x
y
z
pin
pout
pout
P-model
T-model
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twe= 1000twe= 300twe= 50
Evolution of Ey contours
y
x
pin
pout
pout z
y
P-mode
T-mode
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e-ion
e+e-
90% e-ion 10%e+e-
In 3D runs,
oblique modes
generate
(By,Ez),
but they are
< (Bz, Ey)
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e-ion 90% e-ion 10% e+e-
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QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
-3
50GeV
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Spectral Properties of GRBs
Band Function
EpkEpk
Schaefer et al.
(1998)
Observed GRB spectra strongly resemble
hybrid shear boundary layer spectra. predicted
peak frequency location is consistent with
observed with Epk values