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Dr.Kedar Karki
Preliminary investigation of hemorrhagic proliferative
Proventriculitis and gizzard erosion in commercial broiler and layer in Kathmandu valley
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Background
• A new condition has emerged in replacements pullets,comercial broilers.
• It affects the birds between 2 to 10 weeks of age.
• The mortality rate varies between 1 to 10% and ultimately the flock is left with creation of several small poorly feathered and pale chicks.
• Though it has not been possible to establish the exact cause of this condition,
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Background
• The response to the treatment is often poor .
• Condition has been widely reported in broilers under various names like
• malabsorption syndrome,• Infectious Proventriculitis, • Infectious runting syndrome, pale bird
syndrome .• Stunting syndrome. Feed Passage,
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Observation of flock
Flock size Age/week Morbidity Mortality
100-500
(7)
4-6 25-100 2-10
500-1000
(5)
4-6 100-200 10-20
1000-1500
(3)
4-6 200-300 20-30
1500-2000
(2)
4-6 300-350 30-35
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Post-mortem lesions
• Anemic appearance, poor growth, pale skin
• Mucous in URT.
• Distorted shape of proventriculus,gizzard.
• Swollen large ,small intestine.
• Liver pale, enlarged with white spate.
• Enlarged spleen.
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Intestines of a young broiler chick suffering from malabsorption syndrome
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Severe haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in proventriculus
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Haemorrhages in the proventriculus.
Extensive destruction of the gizzard epithelium.
(Replacement pullets – 5 weeks of age
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Intestines of a young broiler chick suffering from malabsorption syndrome
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liver with white necrotic fociHaemorrhages in th
proventriculus.
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Haemorrhages in th proventriculus.
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Post-mortem lesions
• Emphymatouse lung.
• Ascites.
• Milky fluid oozing from P.gland.
• Hemorrhage in p.muscle.
• Yellow tinge with white ulceration in gizzard.
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Mycology Laboratory Examination
S.N. Species Total positive negative Isolate fungus no
1 Avian 37 31 6 Penicillium spp.
Candida spp.
27
4
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Result-Discussion
• Frequent report and presence of gizzard erosion in broiler/commercial layers.
• Types of lesion common in countries, environmental condition favorable for mould growth.
• Associated with N.D/M.D/ Reo virus infection
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Proventriculitis
• Naturally occurring disease of broiler.
• Inflamation,dilation,thinning of organ.
• Decrease in feed passage.
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Cause of Gizzard Erosion.Proventriculitis
• Mycotoxins.
–T2 Toxin.
–Monoacetoxy scirpenol(MAS)
–Diaacetoxyscirpenol (DAS
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Mycotoxins.• Most Caustic.• Gizzard erosion by caustic effect on
organ wall.• More pronounce in tongue,
beak ,palate.• Saliva facilitates adherence of
mycotoxins.• After absorption in intestine passes to
blood-saliva.
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Copper sulfate
• Copper sulfate in higher dose also causes Gizzard Erosion,.
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Biogenic Amines,
• Byproducts of degradation of amino acids of feed ingredients of animal origins.
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Biogenic Amines,
MOST COMMON ARE:
• Cadaverine
• Tryptamine.
• Histamine.
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Biogenic Amines,
• Putrescine.
• Agmatine.
• Tyramine.
• Phenylalamine.
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Bacterial infection
• Streptococcus,
• Salmonella,
• Shigella,
• Lactobacillus,
• Escherichia
• Clostridium,:-Transform amino acid Histadine into Histamine.
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Histamine
• Histamine stimulates receptor in proventriculus glands.
• Increases in hydrochloric acid secretion.
• Causes superficial Gizzard Erosion.
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Gizzerosine in Fishmeal
• Fishmeal potential for causing gizzard erosion.
• Lesions, Small cracks in gizzard, severe erosion hemorrhage destruction of organ.
• Histadine or Histamine combine Lysine at high temperature Gizzerosine formed.
• Ten time more potent than histamine to stimulate acid production.
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Lethal effect of Gizzerosine
• Lethal effect of Gizzerosine when feed contaminated with mycotoxins
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Vit-B-6 deficiency
• Unusual of Deficiency.
• Supplementation corrects the Gizzard Erosion.
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Infectious cause
• Adenovirus.
• Velogenic/Viscerotropic strain of N/D Virus.
• Reo virus.
• Avian encephalomyelitis.
• IBD Virus
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Other factors
• STARVATION
• DEFICIENCY OF SULPHER AMINO ACIDS.
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Causes of Feed Passage Syndrome
• Heat Stress
• Dietary Salt Intake
• Coccidiosis
• Ascarids and Cestodes
• Viral Infections
• Bacterial Infections
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Causes of Feed Passage Syndrome
• Mycotoxins
• Biogenic Amines
• Gizzerozine
• Water Quality
• Litter Quality
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DIAGNOSIS
• Postmortem Examination.
• Microbiological culture isolation.
• Histopathological examination.
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Differential Diagnosis
• Differentiate microscopically lesion caused by microbial agent from those by non microbial aetology.
• Lymphoid infiltration in viral causes.(muscle,gland,serous layer)
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Treatment
• Antibiotic.
• Liver tonics.
• Vitamin B-Complex.
• Immunomodulaters.
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Conclusion
• Identifying the specific cause(s) of feed passage in an integration may be difficult, as many complex factors need to be considered.
• In some cases, several factors work in concert and limit the broiler's ability to digest and/or absorb feed, resulting in the passage of undigested nutrients.
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Conclusion
• Investigation of the cause's requires gross examination of the affected poultry, examination for presence of
• intestinal parasites,
• bacterial culture,
• virus isolation,
• histopathology,
• toxicological testing.