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Heirs of Rome
The Byzantine Empire
The Muslim Empire
Christian Europe
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The Empire at its height, c 250
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Diocletian, The Tetrarchy, 285 CE
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In 324, Constantine moves East
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Theodosius, 379-395 The last Emperor who could claim to rule both East and West.
Upon his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius (East) and Honorius (West)
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Rome’s real last gasps!… Theodoric the Great 489-526
- Ostrogoth king ruled Italy from Rome… after killing Odovacer
• His rule was enlightened, peaceful and just- praised by Romans & barbarians.
• Retained the Roman Senate, civil service and schools. Old, aristocratic families still held high positions in the government
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Greco-Roman culture lived on: The Byzantine Empire
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Justinian the Great, 527-565
• Three principal goals: 1) restore the western provinces 2) reform the laws and institutions 3) promote art and architecture
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Trade and Industry flourished
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Hagia Sophia, 532-537
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Mosaics
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Corpus Juris Civilis, the Body of Civil Law
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The Byzantine Legacy…
• The codification of the laws of ancient Rome under Justinian
• Preserved and expanded the philosophy, science, mathematics and literature of ancient Greece.
• It prevented Muslim Arabs from advancing into Europe
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Around 610, Muhammad was a prosperous merchant
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The Muslim Golden AgeThe 8th & 9th Centuries
• The Arab Empire stretched from Spain to India and was unified by a common language-Arabic, religion-Islam and culture
• Muslims preserved and expanded the Greco-Roman-Byzantine achievements in science, philosophy and mathematics…
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Muslim contributions to civilization
• Education- great universities at Cairo, Baghdad and Cordova…
• Mathematics- introduced Arabic numerals, furthered the study of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry…
• Science- discovered many chemical compounds, including sulfuric acid…
• Agriculture- improved farming by crop rotation • Industry- Cordovan leather; Damascus swords; damask
cloth; crystal glass; smooth paper; beautiful rugs …• Navigation- they believed the world to be round…• Literature- 1001 Arabian Nights…• Medicine- used anesthetics, compiled medical texts
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The Mongols: Genghis Khan
• In 1258, Baghdad was plundered and burned. 50,000 dead, including the last Baghdad Caliph…
• For 200 years, Mongols devastated palaces, libraries and universities
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The Mongol Empire at its height
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• The cultural greatness of the Byzantine and Islamic Empires enriched the western world …but…
• did not produce the major breakthroughs that created the modern world. That is the singular achievement of western Europe.
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The Church as Unifier
• Became the dominant institution after the collapse of Roman authority - assumed many political functions
• It preserved the high culture of the Greco-Roman civilization
• Membership in a universal religion (Catholic) replaced membership in a universal empire (Rome)
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Saul of Tarsus became St. Paul the Apostle who transformed a small Jewish sect into the religion of Christianity which taught that Jesus was savior and God. [34-64]
Early Christians were brutally persecuted by the Romans for over 200 years.
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Christianity gained many converts:
• People were dissatisfied with the old pagan religions and were attracted by the ideas of One God, equality, universal love and eternal salvation…
• Early Christians displayed courage and sincerity, willing to suffer persecution rather than renounce their faith.
• The concept of equality appealed to the poor and oppressed…
• Missionaries could travel and preach- Rome’s transportation system!
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Pope Gregory The Great, 590-604
• 588 Lombard invasions• Maintained productive
lands - kept food coming into Rome
• Ransomed captives• Organized defense of the
city• Sponsored hospitals and
schools• Aided women and
orphans• Negotiated truce in 598
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The Medieval monk
• Monks and nuns built monasteries and converted the people…
• Maintained libraries with theological works and the ancient Latin classics
• Reclaimed the land and instructed peasants in farming -rejected classical disdain for manual labor
• Provided help to the old, the sick, the destitute• Adopted a code of poverty
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• A monk being “tonsured.”
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Monks worked in a Scriptorium
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• Christianity ended the classical, Greco-Roman view of the world.
• To the classical mind, human worth came from the capacity of individuals to use reason, and shape their life based on rational standards;
• Christianity taught that Life’s purpose was not to achieve excellence in this world, but to attain salvation in a heavenly city.
• To the western church – which was to dominate and shape European civilization that emerged during the Middle Ages- a person’s worldly accomplishments amounted to very little if one did not accept the Christian God and his revelations.
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• CharlemagneR 768-814
Holy Roman Emperor
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Any Questions?