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Heating, Ventilation and Air- Conditioning (HVAC)
Part 2:
HVAC systems and components
Good Manufacturing Practice
Section 7
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Objectives
In the following slides, we will study the components of air- handling systems in order to:
1. Become familiar with the components
2. Know their functions
3. Become aware of possible problems
HVAC
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HVAC
General
Design of HVAC is dependent on required degree of air cleanliness
Suitable components should be selected including:
fans, driers, filters, ducts, grilles, etc. 7.
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Production Room
Exhaust air treatment
Central air handling unit
Terminal air treatmentat production room level
Fresh air treatment (make-up air)
HVAC Main subsystems
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HVACComponents
Components in HVAC may include, depending on need:
Filters Fans
no fan failure; including supply air fans, return air fans, exhaust air fan, dust extract system fans
Driers Drying of air with chemical driers, e.g. rotating
desiccant wheel Frost coils for preheating air
7.1.1 – 7.1.7
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HVACComponents
Components in HVAC may include, depending on need:
Snow eliminators Dust eliminators Moisture eliminators Precooling coils Alarm systems, grilles/diffusers, etc.
7.1.1 – 7.1.7
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FilterSilencer
Terminal filter
Weather louvre Control damper
FanFlow rate controller
Humidifier
Heating coil
Cooling coil with droplet
separator
Production Room
Overview components
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Prefilter
Exhaust Air Grille
Heater
Secondary Filter
Recirculated air
HVAC
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Weather louvre
Silencer
Flow rate controller
Control damper
To prevent insects, leaves, dirt and rain from entering
To reduce noise caused by air circulation
Automated adjustment of volume of air (night and day, pressure control)
Fixed adjustment of volume of air
Components (1)
HVAC
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Heating unit
Cooling unit/ dehumidifier
Humidifier
Filters
Ducts
To heat the air to the proper temperature
To cool the air to the required temperature or to remove moisture from the air
To bring the air to the proper humidity, if too low
To eliminate particles of predetermined dimensions and/or microorganisms
To transport the air
Components (2)
HVAC
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CONTROL DAMPER FOR AIRFLOW
De-humidificationFilter Pressure
Gauges
AHU with fan Variable Speed Controller
Humid room air
Air heater
Regeneration air
Humid room airAdsorber wheel Dry air
Air-handling unit
HVAC
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HUMIDIFIER SILENCER HEATING AND COOLING UNITS
HVAC
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FILTER CLASSESDust filters
Standard Aerosol
FineCoarse ULPAHEPA
10 µ m > Dp > 1 µ mDp > 10 µ m Dp < 1 µ m
F5 - F9G1 - G4 U 14- 17H 11 - 13
EN 1822 StandardEN 779 Standard
HVAC
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Primary panel filter
Secondary filter
HEPA or tertiary filter
HVAC
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Average EfficiencyIntegral Value
Peak ArrestanceLocal Value
Retention in%
Penetration Efficiency Penetration
F9 85 0.15
H11 95 0.05
H12 99.5 5x10-3 97.5 25x10-3
H13 99.95 5x10-4 99.75 25x10-4
U14 99.995 5x10-5 99.975 25x10-5
Classification of filters according to their efficiency
HVAC
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Positioning of filters (1)
Filter in terminal position AHU mounted final filter
Production Room
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Production Room
HEPA Filter
HEPA Filter
HVAC
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Prefilter
AHU
Main filter
1 2 3
Low level exhausts
Ceiling exhausts
Positioning of filters (2)
HVAC
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AHUPrefilter
Final filter
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Positioning of filters (3)
HVAC
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SWIRL TYPE AIR DIFFUSORS WITH TERMINAL FILTERS
1 Filter2 Tightening frame3 Register outlet4 Screw fixation for register
1
2
3
4
HVAC
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Low induction swirl diffusor(preferred)
High induction office type diffusor
(avoid)
HVAC
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REGULATION OF ROOM PRESSURE – PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS CONCEPT
Room pressure gauges
Room pressure indication panel
HVAC
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Flow rate controller
Control damper
Humidifier
Cooling battery
Filters
Ducts
Blocked Poorly adjusted, bad pressure
differential system Bad water/steam quality/ poor drainage No elimination of condensed
water/ poor drainage Incorrect retention
rate/damaged/badly installed Inappropriate material/internal
insulator leaking
Problems with components
HVAC
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HVACIn the next slidesConsider different air types, e.g.: Supply air
Return air (recirculated air)
Fresh air (make-up air)
Exhaust air
And: Concepts of air delivery to production areas: Recirculation systems
Full fresh-air systems
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Production Room
Exhaust air
Return air(recirculated)
Fresh air(make-up air)
Supply air
Air types
HVAC
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HVACRecirculation systems
There should be no risk of contamination and cross-contamination when air is recirculated
Normally, HEPA filters (EN1822 H13) needed in supply air stream
Not required in single product facility with no risk of cross-contamination
Not required where no dust generation (e.g. secondary packaging)
HEPA filters placed in AHU or terminally Dust from highly toxic processes should not be
recirculated 7.2.1 – 7.2.6
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Ventilation with recirculated air + make-up air
Central Air-Handling Unit
Return air
Exhaust Unit
HVAC
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HVAC
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HVACFull fresh-air systems
100% fresh air - normally where toxic products are processed, and recirculation not recommended
No contamination from fresh air – sufficient filtration needed
Degree of filtration on exhaust dependent on exhaust air contaminants and environment regulations
Energy-recovery wheels Should not be source of contamination Relative pressure between supply and exhaust air
7.3.1 – 7.3.3
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Ventilation with 100% fresh air (no air recirculation)
W
Washer (optional)
Central Air-Handling Unit
Production Rooms
Exhaust Unit
HVAC
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HVAC
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FINISH PART 230