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Heating the EarthHeating the Earth
Energy From the Sun
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Where We Get Our Where We Get Our EnergyEnergy
• The Sun is a major source of energy for Earth.
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Forms of EnergyForms of Energy
• Different forms of energy include heat, light, electrical, mechanical, sound, nuclear, and chemical.
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Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy
• Different forms of electromagnetic energy have different wavelengths.
• Examples of electromagnetic energy are:– microwaves– infrared light– visible light– ultraviolet light– X-rays– gamma rays.
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Electromagnetic Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum
• The entire range of radiant energy, including for example, X-ray, visible light, infrared radiation, radio waves, etc.
• The full set of waves that can travel through space; includes not only visible light but shorter waves, such as X -rays, and longer waves, such as radio waves
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Changing EnergyChanging Energy
• Energy is transformed in many ways.
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Changing EnergyChanging Energy
• Energy can change from one form into another
• In the process some energy is always converted to heat.
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another.
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Heat EnergyHeat Energy
• The energy of a material due to the random motion of its particles.
• Also called thermal energy. • “Heat" is used when energy is
transferred from one substance to another.
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Heat Energy Explains Heat Energy Explains Phases of MatterPhases of Matter
• The motion of particles (atoms & molecules) helps to explain:– the phase (states) of matter– changes from one phase to
another.
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Phases (states) of MatterPhases (states) of Matter
• Gases have neither a determined shape nor a definite volume. Gases assume the shape and volume of a closed container.
• Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of a container.
• Solids have a definite shape and volume. Particles resist a change in position.
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Heat Energy MovesHeat Energy Moves
• Heat can be transferred through:– matter by the collision of atoms
and/or molecules (conduction) – through space (radiation.) – In a liquid or gas, currents will
cause the transfer of heat (convection.)
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Heat Energy MovesHeat Energy Moves
• Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same temperature
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Heat Moves Through the Heat Moves Through the AtmosphereAtmosphere
• The transfer of energy within the atmosphere results in formation of regions of different densities.
• These density differences result in motion.
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Heat & DensityHeat & Density
• In fluids (liquids and gases), less dense (warmer) substances can rise and more dense (cooler) substances can sink.
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Heat Movement & Density Heat Movement & Density in the Atmospherein the Atmosphere
• The transfer of heat energy within the atmosphere occurs as a result of radiation, convection, and conduction.
• Density differences are the basis for many Earth phenomena, including cloud formation and the formation of atmospheric storms.
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Heat Movement & Density Heat Movement & Density in the Atmospherein the Atmosphere
• Heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere by the Sun drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents.
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Uneven Heating Uneven Heating
• Insolation (Incoming solar radiation) heats Earth’s surface and atmosphere unequally due to variations in: – intensity (caused by variations in angle of
incidence which vary with time of day, latitude, and season);
– characteristics of the surface materials absorbing the energy (such as color, texture, transparency, states of matter, and specific heat); and
– duration which varies with seasons and latitude.
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http://ithacasciencezone.com/earthzone/lessons/07meteor/insolation.htm
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Weather & Seasons Weather & Seasons
• Seasons and weather are NOT the same thing
• Seasons are caused by:– Earth’s tilt– Earth’s revolution by around the Sun
• Resulting in the Earth getting different intensities of energy from the Sun (heat & light) at different times of the year
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Weather & SeasonsWeather & Seasons
• Seasonal changes in weather can be explained using concepts of density and heat energy. These changes include: the shifting of global temperature zones, the shifting of planetary wind and ocean current patterns, the occurrence of hurricanes, monsoons, rainy and dry seasons, flooding, severe weather, and ozone depletion.
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Big Science Idea:Big Science Idea:
• The atmosphere is an ocean of air that extends hundreds of kilometers about the Earth's surface.
• It is divided according to temperature into four layers - the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, and the thermosphere.
• The lowest layer, the troposphere is where air masses form.
• Air masses have different characteristics because the areas over which they form receive different amounts of heat energy from the sun.
• The uneven heating of Earth’s surface is the cause of weather.
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Let’s Review:Let’s Review:
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_lutgens_atmosphere_8/0,6585,263598-,00.html
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ReferencesReferences• http://www.earth2class.org• http://universityforholisticarts.org/files/QuickSiteImages/QS_
sun_background.jpg
• http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/k_6/solar.jpg • http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/science/mod3_SunlightSo
larHeat/img1.gif
• http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fossil_fuels/support.gif
• http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/spectrum.gif • http://www.projectgreenmachine.org/7F-all.html • http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/11428
4main_EM_Spectrum500.jpg
• http://www.swinburne.edu.au/corporate/hr/ohs/images/radiofrequency.jpg
• www12.mawebcenters.com/coltslaboratories/gloss.ivnu
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References References • www.riverdeep.net/current/2002/01/010702_light_tg.jhtml • www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm • http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/physics17/chapter3/energyt
ransformation.jpg
• http://www.tburg.k12.ny.us/mcdonald/chain.jpg.gif • http://www.bchydro.com/images/rx_images/community/bod
y2880.gif
• http://www.bioedonline.org/slides/slideimgs/talk007__s014_f.gif
• http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/images/EnergyTransformations.gif
• http://user.gs.rmit.edu.au/caa/global/graphics/insolation.jpg • http://www.boscobel.k12.wi.us/~schnrich/
uneven_heating.htm
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References References • http://www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/fgarces/
zCourse/Spring05/Ch100_OL/aMy_FileLec/04_LecNotes_Ch100/13_LiquidSolids/1301_LiquidSolid/1301_liquidSolids.htm
• http://www.physics.brocku.ca/courses/1p93/images/FG11_16.gif
• www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/heat.html • http://www.cloudappreciationsociety.org/3content/news/
hollingshead/i000766big.jpg • http://www.anchorflagandflagpole.com/images/
PHOTO_windsock_detail.gif • http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/currents.gif • http://www.mhhe.com/earthsci/geology/mcconnell/
earths_climate/gac.htm