http://www.mbg.cornell.edu/lis/views/images/rgb.jpg
Heat shock proteins HSF Spt6
FISH (Centromere repeat)
Indirect immunofluorescence
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5634/793
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1661
Est = Expression Sequence TagAnchor = homologous segments in unique sequence compared to human
SINES and LINES make up almost half the genome
phage λ gt11 cloning vector: expression of gene fragmentsin E. coli, identified by antibody staining
pRS316 a yeast/E.coli shuttle vector
http://www.atcc.org/images/vectors/gifs/77145.gif
F-factor-based BAC cloning vector
Insert here
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/chromosomewalking.jpg
http://www.entu.cas.cz/fyziol/seminars/genome/walking.jpg
http://www.fgsc.net/fgn38/cabfig2.gif
medlib.med.utah.edu/block2/ biochem/Formosa/menu.html
RT-PCR AAAAAAAAAAAA mRNA
TTTTTTTTTT
http://www.dur.ac.uk/stefan.przyborski/images/
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1661
Est = Expression Sequence TagAnchor = homologous segments in unique sequence compared to human
Ling V, Wu PW, Finnerty HF, Agostino MJ, Graham JR, Chen S, Jussiff JM, Fisk GJ, Miller CP, Collins M.Assembly and annotation of human chromosome 2q33 sequence containing the CD28, CTLA4, and ICOSgene cluster: analysis by computational, comparative, and microarray approaches.Genomics. 2001 Dec;78(3):155-68.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5634/793
Where sequences homologous to mouseare found on human chromosomes
what makes the X special?
Fig. 3. Alignment of the amino acid sequences encoded by the novel Fugu PG1 (fPG1), mousePG1(musPG1, conceptual translation of mouse cDNA sequence AK003782) and human C9orf21(HumC9orf21) genes. Intron positions (identical in Fugu and humans) are shown by arrowheads. Thehuman C9orf21 sequence has been submitted to GenBank under accession number BK000255.
evolution of Saccharomyces
S. bayanusS. mikatae
S. paradoxusS. cerevisiae
K. yarowii
S. pombe
20Myr
150Myr
500Myr
Manolis Kellis, Nick Patterson and Chad Nussbaum Whitehead Genome Center
S.cerevisiae
S.paradoxus
S.mikatae
S.bayanus
Saccharomyces genome alignment
•Local gene order conserved- easy to find orthology•Can study coding and non-coding regions separately
Where is the genome evolving rapidly?Evolutionary events cluster at
telomeres:
• Rearrangements• Diverged genes
• 80% of changes in 5% ofthe genome
Map rearrangements to cerevisiae genome
Telomeres: defined regions of rapid change
Spar
Smik
Sbay
Scer