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CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE – AN UPDATE ON MANAGEMENT
SYED RAZA
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OBJECTIVE
• How big is the problem ?• Current Medical Therapy – the
evidence• Device therapy• Treatment in the community – its
benefits
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CASE
• 76 years old male, chronic smoker, HPN• Presents to ER with acute SOB of one hour
duration.• BP : 170/100 Chest – few wheeze • ECG- sinus tachycardia• CXR- Normal heart size, hyper inflated lungs• Normal initial lab results
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Diagnostic Dilemma
• 1. Acute Heart Failure (LVF)• 2.ACS• 3. Acute PE• 4.Acute exacerbation of COPD LASIX + ASPIRIN +CLEXANE + NEBULISER
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FAILING HEART
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FURTHER CAREFUL EVALUATION
• Orthopnea• Cold peripheries• S3 Gallop• BNP – markedly elevated• ECHO- LVH , severe diastolic dysfunction
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Epidemiology of Heart Failure
• Major public health problem
• 22 million cases world wide
• 550,000 new cases/year in US
• 4.7 million symptomatic patients; estimated 10 million in 2037
*Rich M. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1997;45:968–974.American Heart Association. 2001 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. 2000.
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04/11/23
Facts on Heart Failure
50% readmission rate within 6 months
One of the leading causes of death.
• 35% will die within one year of diagnosis.
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Heart Failure Admissions
British Heart Foundation, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
All diagnoses
All circulatory
Coronary Heart Disease
Angina
Acute MI
Heart failure
Stroke
Diabetes
All cancer
All nervous system
All respiratory system
All digestive system
All GU system
Complications of pregnancy and childbirth
Injuries and poisoning
Average duration of hospital admission (days)
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Heart Failure Mortality
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Causes of Mortality in Heart Failure
• Pump failure• Arrhythmia• Electrolyte imbalance• Severe Anaemia
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Prognostic Value of Haemoglobin Levels at Discharge in Older Patients Admitted With Heart Failure. 2Syed Raza, 1Nicolas Wisniacki, 2Pam Aimson, 2Chris Manning, 1Alejandra Abramovsky, 1Vinod Gowda, 1Michael Lee, 2Jason Pyatt.1Department of Medicine,University of Liverpool & 2Department of Cardiology,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals. United Kingdom.
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How Heart Failure Is Diagnosed
• Medical history • Physical exam • Tests
– Blood tests – Hb , KFT, BNP – Chest X-ray– ECG– Echocardiogram – Cardiac Catheterization
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Symptoms
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The Donkey Analogy Ventricular dysfunction limits a patient's ability to perform the routine activities of daily living…
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I GIVE UP . I CAN’T TAKE IT ANY MORE !!
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Acute Decompensated Heart Failure /Pulmonary Edema
>Medical Emergency!
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But
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CHF- Etiology– 1. Impaired cardiac function
• Coronary heart disease• Cardiomyopathies
– 2. Increased cardiac workload• Hypertension• Valvular heart disease• Anemia• Congenital heart defects
– 3.Acute non-cardiac conditions• Volume overload• Thyroid disease
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30%30%
70%70%
Diastolic DysfunctionDiastolic DysfunctionSystolic DysfunctionSystolic Dysfunction
(EF < 40%)(EF < 40%)(EF > 40 %)(EF > 40 %)
Left Ventricular Dysfunction• Systolic: Impaired contractility/ejection
– Approximately two-thirds of heart failure patients have systolic dysfunction1
• Diastolic: Impaired filling/relaxation
1 Lilly, L. 1 Lilly, L. Pathophysiology of Heart DiseasePathophysiology of Heart Disease. Second Edition p 200. Second Edition p 200
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Systolic vs. Diastolic
• Diastolic dysfunction– EF normal or increased– Hypertension– Due to LVH and chronic replacement by
fibrous tissue - decrease in distensibility• Systolic dysfunction
– EF < 40%– Usually from coronary disease– Due to ischemia-induced decrease in
contractility• Most common is a combination of both
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• Mixed systolic and diastolic failure– Seen in disease states such as dilated
cardiomyopathy (DCM)– Poor EFs (<35%)– High pulmonary pressures
• Biventricular failure (both ventricles may be dilated and have poor filling and emptying capacity)
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Right Heart Failure• Signs and Symptoms
– fatigue, weakness, lethargy
– wt. gain, inc. abd. girth, anorexia, RUQ pain
– elevated neck veins– Hepatomegaly +HJR– may not see signs of LVF
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What is present in this extremity, common to right sided HF?
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EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (Pneumonic)
U Upright Position
N Nitrates
L Lasix
O Oxygen
A Amiodorone > ACEI / ARB
D Digoxin, Dobutamine
M Morphine Sulfate
E Extremities Down
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Referral and approach to care NICE (UK) GUIDELINES Refer patients to the specialist multidisciplinary heart failure team in the following situations.– Initial diagnosis of heart failure.– Management of severe heart failure (NYHA class IV), heart failure that does not respond totreatment, heart failure due to valve disease, or heart failure that can no longer be managed at home
– Advice and care of women who are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant. Care of pregnantwomen should be shared between the cardiologist and obstetrician.Patients with previous MI Refer patients with suspected heart failure and previous myocardial infarction (MI) urgently, tohave transthoracic Doppler 2D echocardiography and specialist assessment within 2 weeks
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Rational for Medications(Why does my doctor have me on so
many pills??)• Improve Symptoms
– Diuretics (water pills)– digoxin
• Improve Survival– Betablockers– ACE-inhibitors– Angiotensin receptor
blockers (ARB’s)– Aldosterone antagonists
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VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction
Oxidative StressOxidative Stress
Cell GrowthCell Growth ProteinuriaProteinuria
LV remodelingLV remodeling
AngiotensinogenAngiotensinogen
Angiotensin IAngiotensin I
Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II
33.AT II receptor.AT II receptor
11.Renin.Renin
22.Angiotensin.AngiotensinConvertingConverting
EnzymeEnzyme
Compensatory Mechanisms: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
(RAAS)
1.Direct Renin Inhibitor (Aliskiren)
2.ACEI3.A2RB
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ACE-I
• SOLVD-Enalapril 20mg/day (41 mo)
• 2569 Patients with and EF <35%– Earlier stages of HF even
asymptomatic– NYHA Class II-III
• All cause mortality dec by 16%
• Morality rate from HF dec by 16%
• CONSENSUS-Enalapril 2.5-40mg (188 days) vs placebo
• Pts were already taking digoxin and diuretics
• 253 Patient with NYHA Class IV
• Dec mortality at:– 6 months -40%– 1 Year – 27%
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Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers
– Comparable to ACE inhibitors– Reduce all-cause mortality– Suitable alternative for patient with adverse
events (angioedema and cough) occur with ACEI
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ACE + ARB
• CHARM-Added (Lancet 2003)– 2548 NYHA II-IV; LVEF < 40%– Reduced CV death, hospital admission
– Second study found no benefit
• But 23% discontinued due to side effects (increased cr, hypotension, hyperkalemia)
• Currently ACEI + ARB is not recommended
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Beta-Blockers
• 34% reduction in all mortality with use of beta-blockers
• Decrease Cardiac Sympathetic Activity
• Use in stable patients (start as early as discharge-IMPACT-HF)
• Titrate slowly• Work irrespective of the etiology
of the heart failure
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Beta-Blocker therapy-which to pick?
• Three beta-blockers :
• Bisoprolol (Zebeta) -Trial CIBIS-IIMetoprolol (Toprol XL) –Trial MERIT-HF (sustained release) Carvedilol (Coreg) Trial-COPERNICUS and CAPRICORN
Carvedilol vs. Metoprolol (COMET 2003)– 3029 pts; carvedilol 25mg bid vs. metoprolol 50 mg bid– Patient with NYHA Classes II-IV – Carvedilol –greater reduction in mortality
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Initial and Target Doses of beta-blockers for HF
MedicationMedication Starting Starting DoseDose
Target Target DosageDosage
BisoprololBisoprolol 1.25mg daily1.25mg daily 10mg daily10mg daily
CarvedilolCarvedilol 3.125mg bid3.125mg bid 25mg bid25mg bid
Metoprolol Metoprolol CR/XLCR/XL
12.5-25mg 12.5-25mg dailydaily
200mg daily200mg daily
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Aldosterone Antagonists
• Spironolactone (Aldactone; RALES 1999)– Pts 1,663 Class III/IV, EF < 35%– Decreased all cause mortality of 30%– Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia
• Eplerenone (Inspra; EPHESUS 2003)– Pts 6,642 asym LV dysfunction, DM, or after MI– Dec CV mortality of 13%, – Newer more selective inhibitor; fewer side effects
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Digoxin
• May relieve symptoms, does not reduce mortality . Beneficial in AF
• Reduced hospital admission due to heart failure
• More admissions for suspected digoxin toxicity
• Should not be used in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
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Treatment of Special Populations
Class I Level A• African Americans: NYHA functional class III or IV HF
– Combination of a fixed dose of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine .
– 29% Reduction in mortality.
– Headache, flushing
Jessup M et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53;1343-82.
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Nesiritide (Natrecor)
• Recombinant form of human BNP • Causes venous and arterial vasodilation
– has been shown to improve dyspnea – Shown to reduce 30 day mortality
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Some Practical Tips• Diuretics : Intravenous for 48-72 hours in acute decompensation, then change to oral
Beta blocker to be initiated when lungs are ‘Dry’(“Start low and go slow” )
First dose of ACEI /ARB (small dose) usually at night
Calcium channel blocker esp. Diltiazem useful for Diastolic heart failure
Do not forget prophylactic clexane to prevent VTE
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ENHANCED EXTERNAL COUNTERPULSATION (EECP)
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Ultrafiltration
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DEVICE THERAPY
• Unacceptably high morbidity and mortality despite medical therapy.
• Device therapy in heart failure has shown to improve symptoms as well as reduce mortality and sudden death.
• Must be used in patients with good indications
• Needs skills and resources
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Overview of Device Therapy 44
Biventricular Pacing(CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THEARPY)
• Abnormal ventricular conduction resulting in a mechanical delay and dysynchronous contraction
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Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyKey Points
• Indications– Moderate to severe CHF who have failed optimal medical
therapy– EF<30%– Evidence of electrical conduction delay ( QRS > 120 ms) or
Dysynchrony demonstrated on ECHO.
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Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
– Usually caused by serious ventricular arrhythmia i.e. VT and VF
– SCD is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. – approximately 450,000 deaths a year
– Patients with heart failure are 6-9 times as likely to develop sudden cardiac death as the general population
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IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR
Device Shown:
Combination Pacemaker & Defibrillator
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Who should receive an ICD?• New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II and
III heart failure• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 35%
• Usually combined with BiVentricular pacemaker (CRT-D)
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Implantable Cardiac Defribrillators
EBM Therapies Relative RiskReduction
Mortality2 year
ACE-I 23% 27%
Β-Blockers 35% 12%
Aldosterone Antagonists
30% 19%
ICD 31% 8.5%
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Other Therapies?
• Left Ventricular Assist Device• Artificial hearts• Heart Transplant
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Left ventricular assist device
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Newer Generation Artificial Hearts
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ARTIFICIAL HEART
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Heart Transplantation
• A good solution to the failing heart– get a new heart
• Demand is high , limited donor hearts• Approximately 2200 transplants are
performed yearly in the US
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Worldwide Heart Transplants
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04/11/23
Trends in Hospitalization for Heart Failure by Age Group 1979-2004(CDC, 2006)
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04/11/23
MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH (INTEGRATED CARE)
Purpose: To improve the care delivered to heart failure patients across the continuum
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04/11/23
Outcomes of the Heart Failure Team
• Interdisciplinary approach• Physician Support• Patient Education• Comprehensive discharge
instructions• Regular follow up in the
community • Telehealth program
• Increase in patient self-management skills
• Increase in patient satisfaction
• Decrease variation in care delivered
• Decrease LOS • Decrease readmissions • Decrease mortality
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04/11/23
Telehealth Program
• Remote home monitoring will include vital signs, oxygen level assessment and body weight
• Screening for eligibility is performed while the patient is hospitalized
• Patient education provided by nurses
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One of the Best Devices for Monitoring Heart Failure
• OptiVol (Medtronic)• Measures body fluid status by measuring intra thoracic impedance.
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Recent Developments and Future Challenges of Integrated Care in Heart Failure in Europe and Northern America The International Network of Integrated Care, The Julius Center of the University Medical Center Utrecht and the University of Southern Denmark 11th International Conference on Integrated Care:
4.7. Paper session: IC for heart failure patientsPilot Study of Integrated home Care for Patients of Congestive Cardiac Failure: BritishDistrict Hospital Experience – Dr Syed S.M. Raza et al., Dept. of Cardiology & AcuteMedicine, Huddersfield and Calderdale Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, UK March 30 - April 1, 2011 in Odense, Denmark
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REHABLITATION PROGRAMME
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In Summary….
• Heart failure is common and has high mortality
• Drug therapy improves survival• Newer device therapies are showing promise
for symptom relief and improved survival• Transplants remain rare, but technology for
mechanical assist devices continues to improve- stay tuned!