Download - HazMat Ch03
Recognizing and Identifying the Hazards
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Objectives (1 of 5)
• Describe occupancies that may contain hazardous materials.
• Understand how to use senses to detect the presence of hazardous materials.
• Describe specific container shapes/types that may indicate hazardous materials.
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Objectives (2 of 5)
• Describe shipping and storage tanks that could hold hazardous materials.
• Describe apparatuses that can transport hazardous materials.
• Identify product, owner, and emergency telephone number on a pipeline marker.
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Objectives (3 of 5)
• Describe how to identify a placard, label, and marking.
• Describe the NFPA 704 hazard identification system.
• Describe how to use the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG).
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Objectives (4 of 5)
• Describe how to use the Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials.
• Describe material safety data sheets (MSDS) and shipping papers.
• Describe CHEMTREC and the National Response Center.
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Objectives (5 of 5)
• Describe how to identify criminal or terrorist activity involving chemical, biological, or radiological agents.
• Describe how to identify an illicit laboratory, as well as explosive and secondary devices.
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Scene Size-Up
• “Read” the scene.
• Truly understand what you see.
• Think before you act.
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Recognizing a Hazardous Materials/WMD Incident
• Different from other types of emergencies– Moves more slowly– Chemicals or materials largely dictate actions – Responders must be conscious of the law
enforcement aspect of the incident
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Occupancy and Location
• Indicate possible presence of hazardous material
• Materials at location may already be known
• Locate key safety personnel from facility
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Senses
• Initially, stay distant from incident.
• Look.
• Listen.
• Do not “lead with your nose.”
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Containers
• Vessels or receptacles that hold material
• Provide clues about the substance inside
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Drums (1 of 2)
• Barrel-like nonbulk storage vessels
• Store a wide variety of substances
• 55-gallon capacity is common
• Cardboard, polyethylene, stainless steel, other materials
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Drums (2 of 2)
The drum shown here is made of polyethylene.
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Dewar Containers (1 of 2)
• Hold cold liquids
• Designed to preserve temperature of liquid
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Dewar Containers (2 of 2)
A series of Dewar containers stored adjacent to a compressed gas cylinder.
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Bulk Storage Containers
• Over 119 gallons (liquid)
• More than 882 pounds (bulk)
• Include:– Fixed tanks – Highway cargo tanks– Rail tank cars– Totes
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Secondary Containment
• Helps contain spilled or released product
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Large-Volume Horizontal Tanks
• Above-ground storage tanks (ASTs)
• Underground storage tanks (USTs)
• May contain millions of gallons
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Totes (1 of 2)
• Intermediate bulk container (IBC )
• Capacity from 119 to 703 gallons
• Hazardous to ship and store
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Totes (2 of 2)
A tote is a commonly encountered bulk storage vessel.
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Intermodal Tanks (1 of 5)
• For both shipping and storage
• Hold between 5000 and 6000 gallons
• Pressurized or nonpressurized
• Can contain liquefied gases (cryogenic liquids)
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Intermodal Tanks (2 of 5)
IM-101 portable tank (IMO type 1 internationally).
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IM-102 portable tank (IMO type 2 internationally).
Intermodal Tanks (3 of 5)
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Intermodal Tanks (4 of 5)
Pressure intermodal tank (IMO type 5 internationally).
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• Other types of IM tanks– Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7
internationally)– Tube modules
Intermodal Tanks (5 of 5)
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Nonbulk Storage Vessels (1 of 6)
• Contain up to 119 gallons
• Include:– Drums– Bags– Compressed gas cylinders– Cryogenic containers
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A bung wrench is used to operate the openings on the top of a closed-head drum.
Nonbulk Storage Vessels (2 of 6)
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Nonbulk Storage Vessels (3 of 6)
An open-head drum has a lid that is fastened with a ring that is tightened with a clasp or a nut-and-bolt assembly.
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Nonbulk Storage Vessels (4 of 6)
A pesticide bag must be labeled with the appropriate information.
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Nonbulk Storage Vessels (5 of 6)
A carboy is used to transport and store corrosive chemicals.
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Nonbulk Storage Vessels (6 of 6)
A small cryogenic Dewar container.
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Transporting Hazardous Materials
• Air, sea, and land
• Most common method is by roadway
• A cargo tank is:– Bulk packaging attached to/part of a vehicle– Separate from vehicle, but unloaded without
being removed from vehicle
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MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (1 of 2)
• Liquid food-grade products
• Gasoline
• Other flammable and combustible liquids
• 6000 to 10,000 gallons
• Nonpressurized
• Remote emergency shut-off valves
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MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (2 of 2)
The MC-306/DOT 406 flammable liquid tanker typically hauls flammable and combustible liquids.
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MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (1 of 2)
• Flammable liquids
• Mild corrosives
• Poisons
• 6000 to 7000 gallons
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MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (2 of 2)
The MC-307/DOT 407 chemical hauler carries flammable liquids, mild corrosives, and poisons.
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MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (1 of 2)
• Smaller diameter than MC-306/DOT 406 or MC-307/DOT 407
• Capacity of approximately 6000 gallons
• Carries corrosives, such as:– Concentrated sulfuric acid– Phosphoric acid– Sodium hydroxide
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MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (2 of 2)
The MC-312/DOT 412 corrosives tanker is commonly used to carry corrosives such as concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric
acid, and sodium hydroxide.
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MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (1 of 2)
• Carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane
• 1000 to 11,000 gallons
• Explosion threat exists– Spring-loaded relief valves unable to keep up
with rapidly building internal pressure
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MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (2 of 2)
The MC-331 pressure cargo tanker carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane.
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MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (1 of 2)
• Maintains low temperatures for cryogens
• Vents puffs of white vapor (normal)
• Explosion hazard with incorrect valve operation
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MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (2 of 2)
The MC-338 cryogenic tanker maintains the low temperatures required for the cryogens it carries.
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Tube Trailer (1 of 2)
• Compressed gases, such as:– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Helium– Methane
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Tube Trailer (2 of 2)
A tube trailer is made up of several individual cylinders banded together and affixed to a trailer.
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Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (1 of 2)
• Powders
• Pellets
• Fertilizers
• Grain
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Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (2 of 2)
A dry bulk cargo tank carries dry goods.
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Railroad Transportation
• Relatively few hazardous materials incidents
• But can cause large-scale emergencies
• Get information on contents from conductor/engineer or from tank labels
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Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (1 of 2)
• General industrial chemicals– Corn syrup– Flammable and combustible liquids– Mild corrosives
• 4000 to 40,000 gallons
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Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (2 of 2)
A nonpressurized rail tank has visible valves and piping.
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Pressurized Rail Tank Car (1 of 2)
• Carries pressurized industrial chemicals– Propane– Ammonia– Ethylene oxide – Chlorine
• Potential for high-pressure leaks
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Pressurized Rail Tank Car (2 of 2)
Pressurized rail tank cars have top mounted fittings for loading and unloading.
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Special-Use Rail Tank Car (1 of 2)
• Hazard will be unique to the particular railcar and its contents– Boxcar– Flat car– Cryogenic tank car– Corrosive tank car
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Special-Use Rail Tank Car (2 of 2)
Special-use rail tank cars include boxcars, flat cars, cryogenic and corrosive tank cars. Tube cars are no longer in service.
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Pipelines (1 of 2)
• Rarely involved in emergencies
• Pipeline emergencies are complicated, require specially trained responders
• Transport natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel
• Pipeline right-of-way maintained by owners
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A pipeline warning sign provides information about the pipe’s contents, the owner’s name, and contact information.
Pipelines (2 of 2)
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Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (1 of 2)
• Required, depending on substance being transported and quantity:– Placards (10 ¾″ diamond-shaped)– Labels (4″ diamond-shaped)– Markings
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Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (2 of 2)
The DOT uses labels, placards, and markings (such as these found in the ERG) to give responders a general idea of the hazard
inside a particular container or cargo tank.
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NFPA 704 Marking System (1 of 2)
• Diamond-shaped (any size)
• Blue diamond = health hazard
• Red diamond = flammability
• Yellow diamond = reactivity
• White diamond = special information
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NFPA 704 Marking System (2 of 2)
The NFPA 704 hazard identification system is designed for fixed-facility use. Each color used in the diamond represents a
particular property or characteristic.
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Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (1 of 2)
• Helps employers comply with OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
• Voluntary labeling system
• Meant for employees at a facility– Gives necessary information to work safely
around chemicals
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Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (2 of 2)
The HMIS uses a numerical hazard rating, colored horizontal columns, letters, and icons to describe the hazards posed by a
particular substance and provide guidance about choosing PPE.
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Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (1 of 3)
• Marking system of U.S. military
• Division 1: Mass detonation hazards
• Division 2: Explosion-with-fragment hazards
• Division 3: Mass fire hazards
• Division 4: Moderate fire hazards
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Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (2 of 3)
A. Mass detonation hazards. B. Explosion-with-fragment hazards. C. Mass fire hazards. D. Moderate fire hazards.
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A. B.
C. D.
• Pictograms identify specific PPE.
• Colors depict chemical hazards.– Red: Toxic agents – Yellow: Harassing agents – White: White phosphorous
Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (3 of 3)
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Chemical References
• Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
• Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials
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Emergency Response Guidebook (1 of 3)
• Information on about 4000 chemicals
• Not for long-term action plans
• Inappropriate after first 15 minutes
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Emergency Response Guidebook (2 of 3)
• Organized into four colored sections– Yellow: Chemicals listed by UN/ID number– Blue: Chemicals listed alphabetically by name– Orange: Hazard class, fire/explosion hazards,
health hazards, basic emergency actions– Green: Initial isolation distances
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Emergency Response Guidebook (3 of 3)
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The orange section of the ERG.
Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (1 of 2)
• Information on about 13,000 chemicals
• First responders are primary audience
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Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (2 of 2)
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Other Reference Sources (1 of 6)
• Material safety data sheets (MSDS)– Chemical makeup, potential hazards, first aid
in the event of exposure
• Shipping papers– Names, addresses of shipper and recipient– Quantity of chemical, weight of shipment
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Other Reference Sources (2 of 6)
A bill of lading or freight bill: Shipping papers for road and highway transportation, located in the cab of the vehicle.
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Other Reference Sources (3 of 6)
A waybill (pictured): Shipping papers for railroad transportation. A consist is a list of the contents of every car on the train.
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Other Reference Sources (4 of 6)
A dangerous cargo manifest: Shipping papers on a marine vessel, kept in the custody of the captain or master.
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Other Reference Sources (5 of 6)
An air bill: Shipping paper for air transport, kept in the cockpit.
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Other Reference Sources (6 of 6)
• CHEMTREC (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center)
• CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre)
• SETIQ (Emergency Transportation System for the Chemical Industry, Mexico)
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National Response Center (NRC)
• Notify the NRC of significant hazardous materials incidents.
• Operated by the U.S. Coast Guard
• NRC alerts the appropriate state/federal agencies.
• 1-800-424-8802
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• Responders should be familiar with the locations of potential targets in their area.– Infrastructure targets– Symbolic targets– Civilian targets
Potential Terrorist Incidents (1 of 2)
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Potential Terrorist Incidents (2 of 2)
• Chemical agents
• Biological agents
• Radiological agents
• Illicit laboratories
• Explosives
• Secondary devices
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Chemical and Biological Agents
• Chemical agent clues may include– Rubber gloves, glass containers, residual
chemicals, odor, dead insects or foliage
• Biological agent clues may include– Lab equipment, reference manuals
• Personnel may show signs of exposure.
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Radiological Agents (1 of 3)
• Clues may include– Stainless steel containers, detonators,
radiological protective suits, Geiger counters
• Personnel may exhibit exposure symptoms such as burns or difficulty breathing.
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Radiological Agents (2 of 3)
Radioactive shipment labels. A. White I label. B. Yellow II label. C. Yellow III label.
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A. B. C.
Radioactive packaging. A. Type A package. B. Type B package. C. Type C package.
Radiological Agents (3 of 3)
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A. B. C.
Illicit Laboratories
• Clues may include– Terrorist training manuals, basement location
with multiple vents, obscured windows
• Drug laboratories are most common.– Use everyday items such as jars, bottles,
glass cookware, tubing
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Explosives
• Clues may include– Protective equipment, production and
containment materials, explosive materials, reference materials
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Secondary Devices
• Explosive or incendiary devices designed to harm responders at incident scene– As responders treat victims of the initial attack
• Clues may include– Timers, wires, switches, concealment
containers, backpacks, propane tanks
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Summary (1 of 2)
• Interpret visual clues to mitigate incident
• Recognize container profiles and materials that may be stored inside each type.
• Name, understand, locate shipping papers
• Be familiar with all types of chemical transport vehicles.
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Summary (2 of 2)
• Understand DOT, NFPA, HMIS, and military marking systems.
• Demonstrate proficiency using the ERG.
• Know how to get MSDS documentation.
• Become familiar with potential terrorist targets, specific hazards, and indicators.
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