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Hazardous Waste, Vulnerable Populations and Human Health.
Why We Need a Superfund Research Program
Philip J. Landrigan, MD, MSc, FAAP Dean for Global Health Professor and Chairman
Department of Community & Preventive Medicine Professor of Pediatrics
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
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Humans Have Been Accumulating Waste for Millennia
In great piles
The Pyramids at Giza
…and in small
Kitchen Midden, Aleutian Islands
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But What’s New is What is in our Waste Today
No longer just sand and seashells… Now the products and by-products of the chemical revolution
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Chemical Production - The Main Driver of Hazardous Waste
80,000 Chemicals today 3,000 in High Production Most invented since 1950 Many untested for toxicity
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Current Magnitude of the US Hazardous Waste Problem
More than 15,000 hazardous waste sites
1,157 on National Priorities List (NPL)
346 have been cleaned up and delisted
49 new sites are proposed
Many more on state Superfund lists
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Images of US Superfund Sites
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Types of Superfund Sites
Landfills and former industrial properties –70% -“Some are abandoned, some are illegal, and a few are both illegal and abandoned”
Waste recycling facilities
Mines and smelters
Military facilities – 1,855
Nuclear facilities - 500
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Federal Superfund Sites - 2010
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Environmental Contamination at Superfund Sites
Contamination of soil
Contamination of ground water
Contamination of surface waters – lakes and rivers
Airborne toxic releases
Fire, which can produce toxic combustion products
Explosion
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Populations at Risk of Exposure to Hazardous Waste Sites
11 million people in the U.S. live within 1 mile of a federal Superfund site
Thousands of hazardous waste workers
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Hazardous Waste Workers
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Populations at Risk of Exposure to Hazardous Waste Sites
11 million people in the U.S. live within 1 mile of a federal Superfund site
Thousands of hazardous waste workers
Disproportionate exposure of minority populations – environmental injustice
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Toxic Waste Sites, Income and Race Massachusetts, 2002
Faber DR and Eric J. Krieg EJ. Unequal Exposure to Ecological Hazards: Environmental Injustices in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspectives 2002.
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•
% Ptople or Color
• SO to 100 8 00to30
~1060
~ 10 40 e 7ox.c rckasc focih1y
Sources: l9% Toxic Release hl\'C-1\101) (U.S. EPA). 1990 U.S. Census
Figu re I. t: P-to1>f(' of C olar :ind Toxic Relc·ase facilit ies in Los Angeles Counly
Environmental Injustice in Los Angeles
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Populations at Risk of Exposure to Hazardous Waste Sites
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11 million people in the U.S. live within 1 mile of a federal Superfund site
Thousands of hazardous waste workers
Disproportionate exposure of minority populations – environmental injustice
3 to 4 million American children live within 1 mile of a federal Superfund site
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Infants and Children are Uniquely Sensitive to Toxic Chemicals
Greater exposure pound-for-pound
Diminished ability to detoxify and excrete many chemical toxins
Heightened biological vulnerability, e.g., thalidomide, DES
More years of future life
“Children are not Little Adults”
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First Public Recognition of Hazardous Waste Love Canal, 1976-79
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Valley of the Drums Near Louisville, KY, 1979
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Superfund Legislation
Triggered by Love Canal and Valley of the Drums
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986
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Division of Labor under Superfund - Three Federal Agencies
Listing, clean-up and remediation of hazardous waste sites – EPA
Health assessments of populations living near hazardous waste sites with special emphasis on children – ATSDR
Highly interdisciplinary research and training –NIEHS/SRP
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The Mission of the SRP Program
A university-based research program that: Advances society’s understanding of human
health risks of hazardous substances - Biomedical Develops innovative technologies for the prevention of such exposures – Engineering, Earth Science and Ecology Trains the next generation of scientists; and Translates results into applied research that can inform the risk assessment and guide remediation
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The Ultimate Goal of SRP is the Protection of Human Health
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Triumphs of SRP
Arsenic PCBs Benzene Innovative remediation technologies – poplars, fungi, grasses and bacteria
None of these triumphs could have been achieved without a university-based interdisciplinary research program that brings together biomedical research with engineering, earth science and ecology
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Superfund in the Future
An increasing focus on global health
The export of toxic chemicals and hazardous processes from the industrially developed to the developing nations of the world has the potential to profoundly change patterns of morbidity and mortality around the world.
Especially in poor countries
And most especially in children in poor countries
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Toxic pollution affects the health of more than 100 million people, shortening their productive life spans by 12.7 years on average *
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Global Magnitude of the Hazardous Waste Problem
20% of deaths in the developing world are attributable to environmental pollution+
*Blacksmith Institute + WHO & World Bank
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Examples of the Global Spread of Toxic Chemicals
Bhopal – Methyl Isocyanate
Lead in Gasoline
Asbestos
Export of “banned” pesticides
Export of hazardous wastes – E-waste
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Bhopal, India:
A Sentinel Event
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Bhopal, India
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Bhopal, India
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led to removal of lead from petrol
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The International Spread of Lead in Gasoline
Lead was first added to gasoline in 1922
By the 1970s, almost all gasoline produced worldwide contained lead
In the USA alone, peak annual consumption was almost 100,000 tons (mid-1970s)
A disaster for public health
Removal of lead from gasoline has reduced lead levels, raised mean IQ and yielded great economic benefits - $200 billion estimated benefit in each annual birth cohort born since 1980 in the US alone
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Getting the Lead Out
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Lead: IQ Alert
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The International Export of
Asbestos
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ASBESTOS
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Asbestos Causes Multiple Diseases
Lung Cancer
Malignant Mesothelioma
Asbestosis
Other Malignancies
–
–
–
Larynx
Ovary
GI (probably)
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Asbestos Disease Burden
Currently 125 million people are exposed asbestos in workplaces around the world
100,000 workers die each year from asbestos-related diseases
Forecast a total of 5 million to 10 million deaths from asbestos-related cancers by 2030
By 2020, deaths from asbestos-related cancers could exceed 1 million in developing nations
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Trends in World Production of Asbestos
Year
1963
Production (tons)
2,922,000
1973 4,614,000
1978 5,159,000
1983 4,276,000
1988 4,323,000
1993 2,650,000
1994 2,410,000
1995 2,308,300 (a)
1996 2,140,000 (a)
(a) Chrysotile only.
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626
Sources: U.S. Geological Su rvey: United Nations Commod ity Trade Statistics Database: United Nations Environment Prog ramme; In ternational Ban China Asbestos Secretariat
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~-fl ASBEST~S, COM~pMPTlpN
in IHousanlfs o f met7ic tons
(2\)0?J i-:.. l
I 302 280
I I 109 • Ind ia Russia Kazakhstan
94 • Brazil
• Countries that ban or severely restrict asbestos
Internat ional Consort ium of Investigative Journalists
Graphic by www.stephoorountree.com
Top 5 Asbestos Consumers
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Sources: U.S. Geological Survey; United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database; United Nations Environment Programme; International Ban Asbestos Secretariat
657
-
ASBEcSTOS S<P.ORTS{ in t t.fousands of
metr'ic tons (2008)~ --r J
i i i Russia Kazakhstan Brazil Canada
-
14 -China
• Countries that ban or severely restrict asbestos
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
Graphic by W\VW.stephonrountree.com
Top 5 Asbestos Exporters
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Export of Toxic Pesticides
2001-2003, the US exported ~ 1.7 billion lbs of pesticide products
Included were 27 million pounds of pesticides banned in the US
500,000 pounds known or suspected carcinogens
Endocrine disrupting pesticides were sent overseas at the rate of 100 tons a day
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The Circle of Poison Every month, pesticides and herbicides banned in the US and Europe are sprayed on plants, trees and flowers in developing countries, putting health workers’ children at risk.
Every minute, someone in a developing country becomes a victim of pesticide poisoning.
These same chemicals come back to the US and Europe on tomatoes, bananas and cut flowers, this closing the circle.
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E-Waste
E-waste is that it is the fastest-growing component of the municipal waste stream worldwide
In 20 years, developing nations will be discarding 400-700 million personal computers annually
Developed nations will be throwing out 20 -0300 million a year
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100°/o
50
0
M onitors
Computers,
telephones, fax, printers, etc.
D V D I V C R p la y e r s , CD pla yer s , radios, H i-F i sets, etc.
R efr igerators
15°/o
15°/o
30%
Washing machines. dryers. air-conditioners. vacuum cleaners. coffee machines. toasters irons etc.
Electronic waste
Electric waste
Additional categories: l ighting equipment (fluorescent tubes); toys, sports and recreational equipment; electric and electronic tools (d ril ls, sewing machines, lawn mowers, etc) ; surveillance and control equipment; medical instruments; automatic ticket machines. •
Children'& Environmental HHlth Center
What is E-Waste?
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I Country with estimated annual e-waste production
0 Known major e-waste recycling sites
Aimin Chen, Kim N. Dietrich, Xia Huo, Shuk-mei Ho, Environmental Health Perspectives: Developmental Neurotoxicants in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern
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Others Pollutants furans
dioxins Wires pulled
from
electronics
Circuit
Boards
=Burned in = open piles
ResaleableCo pper
Copper + Precious Metals
= Treated with = Pollute local water acids and
systems cyanide
Informal E-Waste Recycling
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Burden of Disease Due to Hazardous Waste
We developed a Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)-based estimate of the disease burden attributable to hazardous waste sites. We focused on three low and middle income countries (LMICs) - India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. We found that 8,629,750 persons are at risk of exposure to industrial pollutants at 373 hazardous waste sites in these three countries. In 2010 these exposures resulted in 960,456 DALYs, approximately 0.26% of the total DALYs in these countries. The disease burden from hazardous waste sites ranks just below that attributable to hypertensive heart disease and above the disease burden from malaria, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
Chatham-Stephens K et al.
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In Closing
Four Heroes of the Superfund Program
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“It is our job as scientists to
attempt, as best we can, to look
into the future, see the changes
ahead, and anticipate the side
effects of these changes. But
we know from past experiences
that there are few important
and useful discoveries that do
not have some unanticipated,
undesirable side effects. It is
our responsibility to alert
leaders in public policy and
suggest to them how we might
prevent or minimize any
negative health consequences.”
Dr David Rall
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Dr. Barry Johnson
Director, ATSDR
Creator of the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty units (PEHSUs)
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Chip Hughes
Director, NIEHS Worker Education and Training Program
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Bill Suk
Director, NIEHS Superfund Research Program
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THANK YOU