Download - Hawk Hook 1/25
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Hawk Hook 1/25
Have answers ready for Question 7. Get ready for the Human Geography in Action.
Sit with 1 or AT MOST 2 partners Log onto the internet using FireFox (on the
student menu) Search: Human Geography in Action Make the 1st Choice: “Wiley:…4th Edition” Follow the link to the Student Companion site
under “Students” on the right side of the screen Follow the link to the Computerized Chapter
Activities on the left Press “8.1. Agriculture…” Once there Wait for everyone!
For the Ones Marked YOU MUST record a fact about that type of agriculture from the reading in the exercise.
This will be a major assignment grade (AKA a grade booster for
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Economic Geography: Introduction
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3 Categories of jobsPrimary: Agricultural positionsSecondary: Manufacturing
IndustriesTertiary: Services (3 types)
Types of Jobs Available
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• Directly extract materials from the Earth• Includes agriculture, mining, fishing, and
forestry• Securing Food # 1 priority for people• > 60% of pop in LDC’s
• What would the physiological and agricultural densities of these countries look like?
• What does this indicate about how people spend their time?
• < 5% of pop in MDC’s• What would the physiological and agricultural
densities of these countries look like? • What does this indicate about how people spend
their time?
Primary Sector
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Manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into productsDecline in Secondary sector jobs in
MDC’s Result of Increased technology (not as
many people necessary to do a job) Result of Globalization of the Economy Transnational Corporations: Produce in
countries with lower wages and unionization
Secondary Sector
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Tertiary Sector• Providing goods and services to
people in exchange for money• Increase in MDC’s
• Result of increased demand due to rising standard of living
• 3 Types Unskilled: Retail clerks and low ranking
managers, restaurant employees Quaternary: intellectual/professional
services : government, education, libraries, scientific research, information technology, high ranking managers
Quinary Sector - top officials within quaternary sector : Examples would be President/Congressman for government or university professors for education, CEOs of companies
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Its Development, Diffusion, and Cultural and Environmental Effects
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Hawk Hook 1/30
Summarize the 3 main sectors of the economy. Include the following:What types of jobs are held within
each sector Whether they are more prevalent
in the Core or Periphery
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Why is this significant?
Agriculture fundamental foundation of civilization
The most common person in the world is an Asian Farmer who produces just enough food to survive with little to no surplus
Contrasts American way of life: Business of Farming (Agricultural products consumed by more than just the farmer)
Contrast in agricultural practices is one of the fundamental differences between MDC’s and LDC’s…
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ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE
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Before agricultureSmall societies that
moved frequently based on movement of game and seasonal growth of plants
250,000 people still live this way todaySouth America,
Arctic, Africa, Australia Isolated on the
periphery of world settlements
Hunting and Gathering
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Agriculture: A Great Accident
Began as an accidentAccidentally dropped food scrapsNoticed new plants grew
Continued through Experimentation
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AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS
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1st Vegetative Planting
Geographer Carl Sauer found that Vegetative Planting:Earliest form of plant
cultivationMeans: reproducing plants
by dividing an already existing plant and transplanting the piece
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1st Vegetative Planting
First Hearth: South East Asia
What climate do they have?o Conducive to wide variety of plants
What do you believe their main source of food was? How did this practice help encourage agricultural development?
First to domesticate dogs, pigs, and chickens
Other Hearths:Northwestern South AmericaWest Africa
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2nd Seed AgricultureCarl Sauer found that
Means: Reproduction through annual planting of seeds
3 hearths in Eastern Hemisphere: Western India, Northern China, and Ethiopia From India to SW Asia:
Integration of plants and Animals ~ fundamental to modern agricultureo SW Asia: wheat and barley
agriculture begins)o Domestication of cattle, sheep
and goats (draft animals)
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Seed Agriculture
2 Hearths in Western Hemisphere:
Southern Mexico: squash and maize (corn)
Peru: beans and potatoes Animals: llama, alpaca, turkey
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Commercial and Subsistence Agriculture
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LDC’s versus MDC’sSubsistence
Agriculture in LDCsCommercial
Agriculture in MDCs5 features
distinguishing these 2Purpose of Farming% of farmers in the
labor forceUse of MachineryFarm sizeRelationship of
farming to other businesses
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Purpose of Farming
LDC: Subsistence Produce food for
your own consumption
MDC: Commercial Raise animals or
grow crops for sale off the farm
Not much direct sale to consumers
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Critical Thinking
How do you believe the Industrial Revolution impacted farming?
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LDCs Subsistence ½ of workers farm Agricultural
density?
MDCs Commercial 1/10th of workers
farm Agricultural
density?
% of Farmers in the Labor
Force
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Use of Machinery
LDCs Subsistence Human and animal
labor
MDCs Commercial High Tech machines
allow fewer people to do the work
Scientifically modified crops
How these advances help with quality and quantity?
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Relationship of Farming to other
BusinessesMDCs: CommercialCreates
agribusiness (food production industry that controls EVERY stage of production from farm to shelf) Processing,
packaging, storing, distributing, retailing food products
Uses modern technologies to track prices, yields, and expenditures (videos)
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Farm SizeMDCs Commercial Mechanization allowed for large farms US Example:
98% Family Owned and operated 1.4% of US Farms account for 48% of
agricultural sales Fewer farmers today but more farmland
than previously Why?
Prime Agricultural Land disappearing (reading)
Why?
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Hawk Hook 2/4In complete sentences explain the
different agricultural techniques employed by MDCs and LDCs in terms of purpose of agriculture, mechanization, and the size of their farms.
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Derwent Whittlesey’s
map of Agricultural
Regions
Climate and Agriculture
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Overview
Identifies 11 agricultural regions
Regions sorted mostly by climateWhy would this make sense?Why must you be leery of
placing too much emphasis on climate? What else may influence agricultural practices?
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
LDCSShifting
Cultivation
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Climatic Relationship
Tropical, Humid, Low-Latitude Climates
Amazon of South America, Central and West Africa, and parts of SE Asia
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CharacteristicsUse Slash-and-Burn Agriculture:
clear land by slashing vegetation than burning itLand called swidden or milpa
Grow on cleared land for a few years, stripping it of resources, then letting it lay fallow for years to recover
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Characteristics
Grow variety of crops. Why?
More land used for this purpose than any other type of agriculture but only 5% of population engages in this type
“Inefficient” Can only support small population without environmental destruction
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Characteristics of People
Live in small villagesFarmland controlled by villageEach family allocated part of
communal land (now some own land)
If field doesn’t produce enough food, few people move and create their own settlement
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Future of Shifting
CultivationTropical
Rainforests disappearing
Shifting Cultivation replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and cash crops
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Shifting Cultivation and
the EnvironmentWhat could be some advantages and disadvantages to ending shifting cultivation?Advantage: other forms of
agriculture yield more per land area, enabling more people to be fed
Disadvantages: Other forms damage soil permanently in tropics What are some problems with
destroying the rainforest: o global warming, destruction of
folk culture surrounding agricultural practices
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
LDCS
PASTORAL NOMADISM
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Climatic Relationship
Mostly found in Arid and Semiarid land
Why?Much of North Africa, Middle
East, and Central AsiaEx. Bedouins of Middle East and
Masai of East Africa
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CharacteristicsSubsistence
agriculture based on herding animalsMigrate depending on
availability of water and food for herd and people
Transhumance: seasonal _____________ between mountains and lowland pastures
Territoriality: migrate only within own piece of land unless declaring war
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Characteristics Still eat primarily grain Size of herd: symbol of
power and security in a harsh environment
Type of animal dependent on environment
Together with Shifting Cultivation occupies the largest percentage of the world’s land area
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Future of Pastoral
NomadismFighting control
by national governmentsForced into
confined areas due to desire of their lands (petroleum, mining, etc)
Nomadic lands smaller and smaller towards lands with little to no resources or irrigation capabilities
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
LDCSIntensive Subsistence Agriculture
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CharacteristicsAgriculture that
intensely makes use of almost every parcel of arable land to feed the large population of E, S, and SE AsiaWhere
environmentally possible practice Double Cropping: rice in the rainy, warm, summers; Wheat or Barley in cool, dry winter
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Characteristics
VERY High agricultural densitiesCultural practices enable them to
sustain on a very small piece of land
2 Types Dependent on Environment Wet Rice Dominant Wet Rice Not Dominant
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Wet Rice DominantGrowing rice in a dry
nursery before transplanting into a flooded field: sawah
Use of plow and animal power: distinguishes this from shifting cultivation
Harvested by handClustered in coastal
areas of India and SE Asia due to low land and abundant water
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Wet Rice Not Dominant
Wheat most important crop
In places with low summer precipitation and harsh winters (interior India, NE China)
Produces additional harvests through crop rotation: rotating to a different crop each year to ensure good soil quality every year
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
LDCS Plantations
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CharacteristicsLarge farm specializing in
one or two cropsCommercial Agriculture
in the LDCs sold to MDCs (usually Latin America, Asia, Africa)
Owned by Europeans or North Americans
Worked by imported labor that lives on site
Tropics and Subtropics
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSMixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
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Characteristics
Integrates Livestock and cropsCrops raised to feed
animals mostly not people
Animals fertilize crops
Provides Year Long Income: crops in harvest times, animal products year round
Uses system of Crop Rotation
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CharacteristicsFound in:
US ~ From the Appalachian Mts to middle of country Most important region ~
Corn Belt: Ohio to Iowa (oil, ethanol, food products, and food for animals) [video-farm subsidies ]
How are farm subsidies affecting the US?
Europe ~ from France to Russia
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Demand for poultry production increasingDue to global and national
population increases as well as the understanding of the health benefits of these products
Operations have become largerDue to mechanization,
agribusinesses, and use of chemicals producing larger, healthier meats
Clustering of productionFound mostly in economically
depressed areas, near markets, and taking advantage of lower wage rates and attracting immigrant laborers
Poultry in US
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSDairy Farming
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CharacteristicsFound in: NE US,
SE Canada, NW Europe, S and E Asia in the ring around urban areas called the milkshedWhy are Dairy Farms
close to urban areas?
India largest producer of milk…Culturally why might this be?
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Regional Differences
Dairy Farms farther from big urban areas produce milk byproducts (cheese, butter, etc) Why?EX: NE Dairy Farms: Milk for NE
cities, Wisconsin the Cheese State because farther from the big cities
Same worldwide
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ChallengesLabor intensive: must milk 2
times a dayExpensive: must produce or
purchase food for cattle in winter
Less Diary Farmers today but those left are more productive
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSGrain Farming
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Characteristics
Grain (wheat, corn, oats, barley , rice, etc. seeds) sold for human consumption
Wheat most important: easy to store and ship without spoilage
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North American Wheat
Prairies of US and Canada world’s “Breadbasket” Winter Wheat: Kansas,
Colorado, Oklahoma Planted in Autumn, Harvested
early SummerSpring Wheat: Dakotas,
Montana, Saskatchewan, (Harsh winters) Planted in Spring, Harvested
late SummerOwn farms in both areas to
increase production and share equipment (combine does work)
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSLivestock Ranching
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CharacteristicsCommercial grazing
of Livestock over an extensive piece of land
Found in arid or semiarid areas with poor soil
Western US, SE South America (Argentina, Brazil), Middle East, and Australia
Pampas of Argentina produce less than US but export more why?
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Evolution of Ranching
1st herded animals over open ranges(seminomadic)
2nd Turned into fixed farming: Gov: break land into fixed ranches
3rd Many decided to grow crops (more profitable)
4th Ranches confined to dry areas
5th Not profitable on its own, so Meat-Processing Industry bought ranches
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US Cattle Ranching Ex
Taught by Spanish and Portuguese settlers
Lost much land when US gov. sold it to sedentary farmers in mid-late 1800’sDisputes btwn farmers and
ranchers “Range Wars”Shift to fixed–location
Ranching: 60% of Ranching land today
leased to ranchers from gov.New Cattle breads cannot
handle long journeys
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSMediterranean Agriculture
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Climatic Relationship
Lands surrounding Mediterranean, California, parts of Chile, and South Africa, and Australia
Similar Climates: Sea winds: moderate, moist winters and hot, dry, summers
Hilly and mountainous to the seaUnder what form of
migration would herders in this area use?
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Characteristics
Horticulture: commercially growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers (trees)What crops grown along
the Mediterranean? California?
CaliforniaLA on Prime Agricultural
LandWhy?Farming on arid,
irrigated land eating up SW US’s water supply
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AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE
MDCSCommercial Gardening and
Fruit Farming
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Climatic Relationship
Found in: SE USLong growing season,
humid climate, accessible to large NE markets
During Winter most come from Latin America, especially Chile, Ecuador, Panama, and Costa Rica
Called Truck Farming: (truck Middle
English word for bartering)
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CharacteristicsWIDE variety of fruits and
vegetables to developed nations
Contrast to other commercial agriculture, some sold directly to consumers (Farmer’s Market)
Mechanized at every stage of production
Use of Migrant Labor (often undocumented)
Specialty Farming: NE US, affluent crops (asparagus, strawberries, mushrooms, etc) Alternative to failing dairy
farms
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Hawk Hook2/13Agricultural Region
A. China is the largest producer of wheat. But what country produces the most wheat for world wide sale? What do we call this region? (2 points)
B. Explain the discrepancy between these two in terms the type of agriculture these two are engaging in and population levels. (4 points)
C. Identify the two types of this crop and where and why each is most popular (6 points)
D. Discuss why agribusinesses often own farms in both regions. (2 points)
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Von Thünen Model
Agriculture, Market, and Distance
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Overview Proposed by German Geographer & Economist Johann
Heinrich Von Thunen in the late 1800s.Basic Idea Farmers decide what crops to grow and/or what animals to
raise based on their location relative to the main market Two Considerations
1. Cost of Land: Crops and Livestock that need extensive amounts of land will be found farther from the market because the land is cheaper, maximizes profit
2. Cost of Transportation: So crops or livestock that cost a lot to transport or could spoil before making to the market will be located closer to the markets, maximize profit
Failures of this model1. All sites and situations are not created equal: resources, soil quality,
topography may not be good for all types of agriculture2. Doesn’t take into consideration cultural beliefs like taboos or simply a
desire to grow or raise a certain crop3. Government intervention such as zoning: governments say certain land
can be used for certain purposes 4. Modern Technology: (possibilism) refrigerated trucks, can have dairy
farms farther because of refrigeration, green houses, interstate highways have lowed transportation costs
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Economic Challenges of Commercial
Farmers
Overproduction in Commercial Farming
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Problem of Supply and
DemandWhat is the law of supply and demand?
Commercial farmers supply is higher than the demand for their productsReason 1: Many agricultural
products are not substitute goods. What is a substitute good? (do not switch demand from
wheat to corn bc it is cheaper)
Reason 2: Low Population Growth: no new markets to sell excess food to
Result: price of agricultural goods fall
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Government Subsidies
1. Encouraged not to plant surplus crops Plant Rest Crops instead
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Government Subsidies Cont’
2. Price Floors Set Minimum Price for crop…If
farmer is paid less than that amount at the market, government pays the rest
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Government Subsidies Cont’
3. Government buys surplus goods Sells or donates food to foreign
governments Give Food Stamps to stimulate
purchase of excess items
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Advantage: encourages farmers to keep farming despite low pricesResult: maintain
rural way of lifeDisadvantages
Encourages over production (no incentive to meet market needs)
High grocery prices (video)
Advantages and Disadvantages
to subsidies
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Hawk Hook 2/12
What are some advantages and disadvantages of farm subsidies?
In your own words describe the Von Thunen model. List 2 failures of the model.
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Economic Challenges of Commercial
FarmersSustainable Agriculture
in the MDCs
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Sustainable Agriculture
Farming that preserves and enhances environmental qualityLower revenue but also lower
costsExample Organic Farming
3 distinguishing practices of sustainable agriculture Sensitive Land ManagementLimited Use of ChemicalsBetter Integration of crops
and livestock
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Sensitive Land Management
System of Growing: minimal soil disturbance allowing for less need of heavy, expensive equipmentIncreases organic matter, moisture, and
drainageMore labor intensive but more profitable
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Limited Use of Chemicals
Farming techniques involve using chemicals only on crop grown areas (if at all), limiting problems with soil and water qualityMore expensive and time
consuming to be selective
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Integrated Crop and Livestock
Today, many mixed crop and livestock farms choose to only grow crops or raise animals, then trade between farms for what they need
Integrated returns back to farming with both
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Challenges to “ICL”
Balancing Number of livestock with landscape qualitiesToo many can
create vegetation loss on crop land
Proper amount can reduce soil erosion on sloped areas
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Challenges to “ICL”Confining animals
versus free rangeMoral and ethical
debateConfining causes
water pollutants and need for costly waste management facilities (however may yield more meat)
Free Range: manure improves soil quality but reduces neighborhood quality of life (i.e. hold your nose)
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Challenges to “ICL”
Managing Extreme Weather ConditionsIn periods of excess
or reduced rainfall large herds can be a liability or a blessing
How?How might this play
out in a Mediterranean climate like California to benefit residents?
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Growth of Organic Farming
Steady increase since 1970 in the US
3 Factors:Increased
DemandCareful land
useMore profitable
for small farms
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1. Increased DemandReasons for
Increased Demand:Media has driven
concerns over nutrition and healthiness of foods grown with chemicals and/or genetically modified as well as the humane treatment of animals
Households are smaller in size and have more disposable income for these higher end products
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2. Careful land useReasons for
careful land useMany farmers
and consumers switch to sustainable organic farming because they feel responsible for the long term well-being of the land
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3. More Profitable
Reasons for More Profitability:Small-farmers cannot
compete with the low prices offered by large US agribusinesses
Shift to the specialty food niche like organic farming because this intensive agriculture yields higher prices people are willing to spend for the quality
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Challenges for Subsistence
Farmers
Population Growth
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Critical Thinking
Where is the vast majority of population growth occurring in the world?
What did Malthus say about food and population growth?
What does this mean for farming in these areas?
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Boserup Thesis
Ester Boserup, female Danish economist, response to MalthusPopulation may be
growing but food production CAN meet these needs
2 methods of agricultural intensification
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Boserup Thesis Cont’
1. Changing methods of Fallowing (5 stages of farmland intensification)Forest Fallow: work field for 2
years, fallow for 20; forest grows back
Bush Fallow: work field for 8 years, fallow for 10; small trees and bushes grow back
Short Fallow: work for 2 years, fallow for 2 years; grasses grow back
Annual Cropping: worked every year, fallow for a few months by planting legumes and roots
Multicropping: fields used several times a year, no fallowing
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Critical Thinking
What agricultural region is indicative of stage 1 “Forest Fallow”?
What areas of the world use this type?Why?
What agricultural region is indicative of stage 5 “multicropping”?
What areas of the world use this type?Why?
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Boserup Thesis Cont’
2. Adopting new farming methods Increase technology Tend crops better (weeding,
fertilizing, etc) Create more fields Irrigate more land
Where do they get the labor for all this additional work?
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Challenges for
subsistence farmers
Trade
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Review:What do you know about the
consumption of agricultural products from LDCs?
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International Trade
LDCs need agricultural machinery to improve production
But Must switch from subsistence farming to export crops to gain capital to purchase equipment
Sell fruits, veggies to MDCs when out of season
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Irony of this Method
Less crops grown for local consumption
Must use profits from sale of export crops to purchase food for people only farming for export
What is the result of this problem?
Although an international problem itself, what do you many LDC farmers turn to in order to generate a large profit?
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So…How do we increase the Food
Supply then?...No easy answer
Four Strategies for increasing Food Supply and the problems with
each
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Overview4 Basic Strategies, none perfect
Expand Agricultural landIncrease the productivity of existing
Agricultural landFind new sources of FoodIncrease exports
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1. EXPANDING AGRICULTURAL
LAND
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RealityPopulation
growing faster than agricultural expansion
Possible but problems inhibiting this growthHowever,
agricultural land is expanding in Africa
Possible in NA but actually decreasing
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Problem: Desertification
Desertification: semiarid land degradationExcessive
Population exhausting soil nutrients Over cultivation,
animal grazing, and tree cutting
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Problem: Excessive Water
Inadequate drainage of irrigated landOvertime roots waterlogged
(especially harmful if includes salt water)
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Problem: Urbanization
Farms on periphery of urban areas turn into suburbs, reducing agricultural land
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2. INCREASING PRODUCTION OF
EXISTING AGRICULTURAL
LAND
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Green Revolution
Green Revolution: 1970’s and 80’s ~ Introduction and diffusion of high-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizersHigh-Yield Seeds: Dr. Norman
Borlaug produces: “miracle wheat and rice”: hardier, more fertilizer respondent plants
Result: 1) agricultural productivity increased faster than population growth, 2) shifted production from subsistence to commercial farming, 3) Positive impact in all regions of Asia and in Mexico
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Problem: Production
CostsFertilizer indispensible for these seeds
Nitrogen most important ingredientCheapest way to get this is
processing natural gas or petroleum
Other important elements for fertilizers are not evenly distributed in the world
Tractors, irrigation pumps, etc necessary for production
What problems does this create? (article)
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3. IDENTIFYING NEW FOOD SOURCES:
3 NEW FOOD SOURCES
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1. OceansOceans make
up3/4 of earth surface
Endless source of food?Problem:
overfishing ~ depleted ½ of fish supplies (cannot reproduce as fast)
Tried to solve by providing fishing rights to countries. What was this treaty called?
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2. Higher-Protein Cereals
Trying to create hybrid seed grains with higher protein content to increase nutrition in LDCs where meat consumption is low
Another option is to fortify the cereals with protein filled amino acids during production. Why might fortification not be applicable in the LDCs?…hint think their usual agricultural practices.
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3. Improved Palatability of
Rarely Consumed
FoodsEncourage consumption of foods usually avoided due to social reasonsWhat are these called?
Examples: soy products,
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4. INCREASING EXPORTS
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SurplusesIncrease food supply by
exporting the surplus crops of one country to another in needUS: Leading Exporter of corn and
wheat since the Agricultural, Trade, and Assistance Act of 1954
Thailand #1 producer of rice
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Case Study: AfricaAsia: population growth
declining, green revolution keeps food production above these numbersResult Asia remains self-
sufficientSub-Saharan Africa:
Population increasing 6 fold, food only 3 timesEspecially Somalia, Ethiopia,
and SudanOver exhausted, non fertile
soil, droughtPrice Ceilings make profits
impossible, no incentive to farm
How is the “Second Green Revolution Helping? Article: