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A VERNACULAR STUDY: HAVERI DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
A PRESENTATION BY AKHILA RAMESH
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AGE
NDA
The Need for Rural Housing in India
Features of Rural Housing in India
Haveri District
The Villages
Page 3
Page 5
Page 8
Page 11
Methodology of Study
Field Observations
Conclusions & Path forward
Page 13
Page 15
Page 39
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THE NEED FOR RURAL HOUSING IN INDIA
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According to Indian Government 2007 census & WB 2005:
Our Country lacks 25-30 Million units of rural housing
42% of Indias population lives on US$1.25 a day
The rural area is home to 71% of the population
1 in 5 rural dwellers live in kuccha houses
Poverty is concentrated in rural areas
THENEEDFORRU
RALHOUSIN
ININDIA
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FEATURES OF RURAL HOUSING IN INDIA
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Self Built, Self Managed, Community Financed
No public/Private Housing Finance Agencies until recently
No Master-plan to regulate development & No bye-laws
to regulate construction
No trained professionals- Architects/Engineers
No Real estate developers & contractors operate in
rural areas
House Builder in control of production process:
FEATU
RESOFRUR
ALHOUSING
Features of Rural Housing in India
households access to land, finance, skills, technology &
services determine quality
Features Courtesy: Ar Kirtee Shahs presentation at CAPARTs National
Workshop on Rural Housing at New Delhi 18-19 Oct 2002
ININDIA
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Participatory Social Production Process:
A Peoples process
Declining Access to bio-mass materials like thatch,
bamboo, wood, cow dung
Limited Exposure and Access to new building materials,
construction methods & technology
Gradual Disappearance of traditional know-how on
materials & methods
Exodus of skilled labour to cities
Features of Rural Housing in India FEATU
RESOFRUR
ALHOUSING
Under-Developed Credit system
Features Courtesy: Ar Kirtee Shahs presentation at CAPARTs National
Workshop on Rural Housing at New Delhi 18-19 Oct 2002
ININDIA
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HAVER
IDISTRICT
According to Indian Government Ground Water Report July 2008 :
The Haveri district is located between north latitudes
14d 17 02 to 15d 15 01 and east longitudes 75d035 to 75d 4923
Haveri has an area of nearly 5000 Sq km with nearly
700 villages
Population as per 2001 census is 14.30 lakhs
Has annual rain fall of 590-700mm
Major soil types are red sandy soil, Medium &
Deep black soil, Red loamy and Lateritic soil
r nc pa crops are ag , owar, a ra, a ze, ea ,
Pulses, Oil seeds, sugar cane, spices, cotton
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HAVER
IDISTRICT
According to Indian Government Ground Water Report July 2008 :
Sub tropical climate with temperatures ranging between
18 d to 40 d C The rainfall varies in the district from over 903 mm in
West (Hangal) to less than 592 mm in East (Ranebennur)
October is the wettest month with normal monthly
rainfall in excess of 100mm; heavy rainfall though not
flooding hazard
Major part of the terrain is gently undulating with hilly
terrain on western most parts
-
Major drainages are Tungabhadra, Varada, Kumudavati
and Dharma
It lies in low seismic zone
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THE VILLAGES
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THEVILLAGES
S. No Village Houses Population Area in
Sq. Km.
Amount
earned per
family per
year in INR
Kachcha
Houses
Pakka
Houses
1 Kakola 600 12513 1099 13000 525 75
A Survey
2 Chandapura 320 2358 0004 18000 290 30
3 Shrabala 117 630 0440 15500 107 10
9% to 12% of houses are Pakka houses compared to a national average of 20%
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METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
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METHODOLOGYOFSTUDY
The Village study was conducted over 3 days with the help of NEEDS
Detailed Questionnaire with focus on
Socio-Economic-Space Usage-Needs
Focused Group Discussions
with a diverse sample of village
representatives
Individual Interviews with Beneficiaries
Informal talks with local contractors
Documentation of materials,
space usage, prac ces e c us ng p o ograp s
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FIELD OBSERVATIONS
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Kakoli Chandapura Shrabala
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Socio Economic Commonalities
Main Occupation is Agriculture
All children are sent to school
Most cant afford higher education
Joint family system
All own their houses
Men marry between ages 22-30
Women marry between ages18-20
Most of them own cattle and a few goats
Very few graduates from any of the villages
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Infrastructural Commonalities
All internal roads are kuchha roads
Exposed street drain in front of houses
Public taps through bore-wells as source of drinking water
No plumbing within the houses
Villages are electrified
Only few hours of electricity per day
Kakola 020 out of 600 houses
Chandapura 100 out of 320 houses
Shrabala 0 out of 117 houses
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FIELD
OBSERVATI
ONS
Infrastructural Commonalities: Kuccha roads
Kakola
Shrabala
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FIELD
OBSERVATI
ONS
Infrastructural Commonalities: Exposed drains
Kakola
Chandapura
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Infrastructural Commonalities: Common drinking water source
Kakola
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Space Usage Commonalities
All live in houses away from their fields. All believe in
Vaastu/ Aaya
All of them want a katte or verandah outside the house for
activities like sitting, chatting, sleeping, entertaining guests,
storage of grains, drying clothes etc
All of them prefer to have a puja room, and that should be inside
the house
All of them prefer separate kitchens inside the house; almost of
them use firewood and all eat inside the kitchen
All houses are in dearth of storage spaces, especially in
rainy seasons
Kitchens are the only spaces that are relatively free of storage
clutter; they are used for dining
All of them prefer the bath room to be accessed from
inside the house
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Space Usage Commonalities
All prefer toilet access from outside the house
All of them dont prefer to have a courtyard inside theirhouses. This is because they revere a courtyard as integral part
of temples
They prefer cattle shed to be at the side of houses. This will
ensure protection from mosquitoes yet easy access to feed
the cattle
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Space Usage Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Kakoli Chandapura Shrabala
Katte is an essential feature of all houses. The deeper, the better!
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Space Usage Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Kakoli Chandapura Shrabala
A screened and separate puja room however small the house
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Space Usage Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Paucity of Storage spaces
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Space Usage Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Paucity of Storage spaces
S U C li i
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Space Usage Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Lots of built in storage and shelves.Area lit from roof!
C liti
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Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Ornate Main doorways; Around 60
lintel- one has to bow low while entering!
Commonalities
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Commonalities FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Narrow windows preferred to
ward off cold wind; glass is
definite no-no!
Space Usage Commonalities
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Space Usage Commonalities
Grinding stone - flat
(in Kakola only)
Shoe racks in kattes!
Stone ledge in bath Submerged grinding stone! Peg for baskets in the katte!
Innovative Nuances!
Where they differ
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Where they differ
S. No Description Kakola Chandapura Shrabala
1 Houses Very densely spaced; Ground orG+1 structures
Are more dispersed, only
single-storied
Are more dispersed;
mostly single-storied
structures
2 Roof Prefer flat roof; low roofs @ 86-10; they want an external
staircase to the roof
Prefer tiled roof; high
ceiling up to 15
Prefer tiled roof; high
ceilings up to 15
3 Toilets Ok if wall is shared and entry Strictly segregated from Ok if wall is shared andfrom outside rest of house entry from outside
4 Loft Only for storage Are open to using loft forsleeping
Are open to using loft for
sleeping
Houses in Kakola
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Houses in Kakola
High density; mix of G and G+1
structures; low roofs
FHouses in Chandapura
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Houses in Chandapura
Low density, Single storied, High ceiling,
more run down houses
FHouses in Shrabala
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Low density, High ceiling, mix of G and
G+1 structures, run down houses
FWhere they differ - Materials
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
S. No Description Kakola Chandapura Shrabala
1Roofs Wood, slate, mud & bamboos;
RCC used for roofs
Tiles for roofs Tiles for roofs
2Walls Laterite /stone/mud/burnt
bricks for walls. All walls internal
and external are thick
Mud/burnt bricks for
walls. All walls internal
and external are thick
Mud/burnt bricks for
walls. All walls internal
and external are thick
Plinth High plinth; stone Low or no plinth!( But Low plinth, stone/mud
3 people prefer to have
plinth)
4Flooring Slate, Red oxide, IPS Slate Slate/mud
5
Wood Wood used in large quantities-Mango and Neem wood for
reapers, frames, shutters andeven columns inside the houses.
Wood used sparsely
Mango and Neem wood
for frames and shutters
Wood used sparsely
Mango and Neem wood
for frames and shutters
FConstruction Materials in Chandapura & Shrabala
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Mud, un-burnt, & burnt country bricks for walls
Slate for lintels and flooringRandom stones or mud for plinth
FConstruction Materials in Kakola
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FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
Slate stone for roof with 3 Rcc
on top
Laterite for walls
Stone rubble for walls Mango or Neem for rafters,
beams, columns
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CONCLUSIONS & PATH FORWARD
PAA holistic approach to construction
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ATHFORWARD
Cost Reduction Methods: Site
Aim at localized or in-situ services toavoid
extensive piping, wiring etc
Build for future expansion- Build a
CORE HOUSE- a simple basic plan
including
living area (sleeping, sitting, and
eating) and
serv ce areas a as c tc en an a
basic latrine
and washing place). Then, according
to
individual requirements, additions
can be
made later.
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PACost Reduction Methods
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ATHFORWARD
Foundation
Foundation need not be too deep;
usually as
deep as its width (usually 45cm)
The dug out soil is to be used as in-
fill
For traditional deep foundations as
in this case,
deep excavations and infilling with
sand or
gravel etc can be replaced with a
surface beam.
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PACost Reduction Methods
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ATHFORWARD
Walls
The C.B.R.I (Central Building Research Institute)Brick Block is useful for interior walls to save
space. Small stones are laid into a mould and
packed in with a weak concrete to form a block
Also, bricks are plentiful in this area. 4.5" walls
are stable and strong if corrugated or
buttressed. 9" walls are usually capable of being
load bearing up to three storey height
25% of bricks, mortar, cost etc can be saved by
using the Rat trap Bond. This can also usually be
safely used up to 3 storeys in height and is
equally load bearing
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PACost Reduction Methods
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ATHFORWARD
Windows
Large glass windows to be
avoided- In rural
areas one works in the sun and
enters a
house to be away from heat and
glare.
Larger windows dont effectively
shut out
insects, mosquitoes, bats.
A square meter of window costs
up to TEN
times the cost of the wall it
replaces!
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PACost Reduction Methods
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ATHFORWARD
Windows
A Jali wall is a better substitute for
a glass
window. Jalis can be made from
brick, tile,
laterite, stone, cane etc. Their
patterns are
endless and pleasing. Simple Jalis
cost less
than the wall they replace.
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PACost Reduction Methods
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ATHFORWARD
Doors
Wood is scarce and costly. Use aslittle
as possible.
In many instances frameless doors
and
windows are acceptable and reduce
both
quantity of timber, labour and costs
Board and batten type shutters are
less costly,use less labour and less timber than
paneled shutters.
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PAT
Cost Reduction Methods
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THFORWARD
Roofs
Tile roofs are OK but call for a lot of timber support (purloins,
rafters, battens etc)
On the other hand prefabricated and various R.C slabs use
energy-intensive steel and cement.
Both systems have advantages and evil disadvantages.
These including labour and transport cost and other problems
have to be studied locally before the better choice is made.
Regarding Concrete roofs: C.B.R.I etc have a variety of
systems-L-panels, double funicular shells, etc. In practice the
latter often has leak problems.
Both use steel and cement and have to be over designed to
cope with handling and transport.
Alternative slab in-situ systems include filler slabs
(void formers) which reduce materials and cost by about 30%,
but shuttering is costly. Again, local balancing and comparing
of overall costs, transport, labour, and energy used etc, have
to be made before a choice is made and it will vary from place
to place.
Courtesy: Wisdom from Laurie baker!
PAT
A holistic approach to construction
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THFORWARD
Waste Management
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION PROCESS (ECOSAN)
Separation of Human Waste; Solid & Liquid;
Dried & Composted
ADVANTAGES
Reduces Water Usage
Reduces load on sewage system
Recycles phosphate and nitrogen contained
in human waste
Collectors
Simplifies treatment of grey waterBefore & After Ecosan:
CONSUMPTION LTRS of WATER/DAY
DRINKING 3 3
COOKING 4 4
BATHING 15 15
CLOTHES 23 20
UTENSILS 25 25
GARDEN 25 0
FLUSHING 40 0.5
TOTAL 135 67.5
ECOSAN
SAVING
50%
Toilet Pan
PAT
A holistic approach to construction
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THFORWARD
Rain Water Harvesting
Courtesy: Wisdom from Chitra Vishwanath!
PAT
Conclusions
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THFORWARD
Given the huge amount of similarities between these villages, there is a
possibility for some modular solutions for house plans that can be
tweaked to suit the local cultural preferences and differences
in materials.
Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) seem a viable and cost
effective option with their clear advantages over mud/burnt bricks
Design options must be prepared incorporating the points mentioned in
the study.
Part 2 of the study can dwell into probable design solutions;
AestheticCost
EffectiveCulturallySensitive
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A NIVASA PRESENTATION
THANK YOU