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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Incineration & landfilling
Håkan JönssonProfessor
[email protected] University of Agricultural
Sciences
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration
•Renewable fuel: 80-90% of Swedish household waste is renewable (incineration tax assumed 87.4%)
•Heating value: 2,5-3,2-4 kWh/kg, 9-11,5-14 MJ/kg
•Heterogeneous ”dirty” fuel–Extensive flue gas cleaning necessary
–Large plants
•Storage needed but difficult–Even production over the year
–Difficult when biowaste is included
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration 2008
– 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste
• Sizes; > 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4 plants and <100 000/yr 18 plants
– Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use)
– Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%.• Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste)• Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Air emissions
Substance 1985 1996 2002 2005 2008 Reduction85-08
Particles,ton 420 33 35 39 30 93%
HCl, ton 8400 412 143 98 39 100%
SOx, ton 3400 1121 790 310 154 95%
NOx, ton 3400 1463 1815 1904 2190 35%
Hg, kg 3300 77 21 33 44 99%
Cd, kg 400 8 15 (Cd+Tl)
21 (Cd+Tl)
6 (Cd+Tl)
>98%
Pb, kg 25 000 214 138 77 136 99%
Dioxins, g 90 2 1.1 1.1 0,8 99%
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
GRAABS plant, Gothenburg
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incinerator - Uganda
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
An advanced incineration system
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas - pollutants• Particles
– Filter – electrostatic and/or textile filters
• NOx Fee 50 SEK/kg NOx (Total 688 milj SEK)– Ammonia injection:
4 NH3 + 6 NO -> 5 N2 + 6 H2O; 4 NH3 + 4 NO +O2 -> 4 N2 + 6 H2O – In furnace SNCR (Selctive Non-Cathalytic Reduction – 900-1050°C, 40-60%
reduction)– After furnace SCR (Selective Cathalytic Reduction – 300-400°C, 70-90%
reduction)
• HCl– Alkaline treatment (lime)
• SOx– Alkaline treatment (lime)
• Heavy metals– Removed with particles and acids
• Dioxin– Attaches to active C, removed with particles at low temperature
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas cleaning - filters
• Cyclone• Electro filter• Textile filter
(slangfilter)• Scrubber
Ill: Niro A/S
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Important parameters
• Temperature
• Retention time
• Oxygen
• Turbulence
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Sources of dioxin in Sweden
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Incineration plants
• Grate furnaces (Rosterpannor)– Most common– accepts large “particles” – sensitive for varying energy content – hard to control – much fuel in system– grates need water cooling if waste is dry
• Fluidised bed roaster (Fluidbäddpanna)– Easier to control and
adjust to fuel– Shreading necessary
- (max 10 cm)
Ill: Berman & Dille, Westinghouse
Fluidised bed roaster
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
A modern incineration plant
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas cleaning
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Incineration hazardous waste
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Landfill
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
The different stages of a landfill
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Water flows
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Land fill and water flows
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Requirements on liner
Tid Flöde
200 år <5 l/m2, år
50 år <50 l/m2, år
1 år
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Hydrological considerations
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Collection of landfill gas2003: 414 GWh to district heating, 26 WGWh electricity and 60 GWh not used.
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
A well managed sanitary landfill
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Top and bottom liner
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Liners - hazardous waste
Fig: Persson, 2005
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Håkan Jönsson Department of Energy and Technology
Landfill –biowaste banned
• EU Directive fully implemented 2008
• Containment of waste• Biowaste goes anaerobic• Org C -> CH4 & CO2
– Greenhouse gas, 50% collected (optimistic figure), 10% oxidised
– Risk of fire
• Sinking – top liner damaged – more leachate• Nutrients and heavy metals leaches
Aim: totally sealed