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Groundwater Quality Research and Resources at the Institute of Natural
Resources Sustainability (INRS)
Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS)Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS)Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS)
Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC)
January 27, 2009
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Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Equipment Resources
• Drilling rigs and trained personnel (ISGS)• Field equipment
– Pumps– Multi-sondes (T, pH, ORP, SpC, DO, etc.)– Miscellaneous sampling equipment– Water level measurement devices
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Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Analytical Laboratories
• ISWS Public Service Laboratory (PSL)– Anions (ion chromatography); Metals (ICP-AES
and AA); Alkalinity (titration); TKN, NH4-N, NO2-N, P (colorimetry); Organic Carbon (combustion); TDS
– Free analysis for domestic well owners• ISGS Isotopic Geochemistry lab
– Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O, δ13C; sample prep for δ34S)
– Radioisotopes (3H-water, 14C-DIC, CH4)– Gases: N2, O2+Ar, CO2, CH4, alkanes (C2 to C6)
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Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Analytical Laboratories (cont.)
• ISTC analytical laboratories– Metals, including speciation and Hg (ICP-MS, AA)– Organic compounds, such as PAHs, VOCs,
pesticides, etc. (HPLC and GCMS systems)– other
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Groundwater Quality Research: INRS Data Resources
• Databases (ISWS and ISGS)– Groundwater quality (domestic and public supply)– Well locations and logs– Water levels, aquifer properties, etc.
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Groundwater Quality Researchersat INRS
ISWS ISGS• Sam Panno• Keith Hackley• Ivan Krapac• William Roy• Randy Locke• Jim Miner• Bill Dey• Ed Mehnert
• Walt Kelly• Tom Holm• George Roadcap• Steve Wilson• Al Wehrmann
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Research Collaborators with INRS:Groundwater Quality
UI Others• ISU• NIU• SIU-Carbondale• SIU-Edwardsville• UI-Chicago• USGS• IEPA• IDOA• IDPH• County Health Depts.• Municipalities
• Dept. Geology• Dept. Civil & Environmental
Engineering• Dept. Materials Science• Vet/Med• ACES• NRES
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INRS Groundwater Quality Research: Overview
• Geochemical characterization of aquifers• Contamination
– Nutrients (N) and other agricultural issues– Urbanization/land use changes– Natural drinking water contaminants
• Arsenic• Radium and barium
– Vulnerable Environments• Karst systems• Nature Preserves
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INRS Groundwater Quality Research: Highlights
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Mahomet Aquifer
< 10 m g/L30-40 m g/L75-100 m g/L
300-600 m g/L
C hloride
0 10 20 30M iles
C ham paign
Ford
P iatt
D eW itt
M cLean
Tazew ell
Logan
M ahom et AquiferBoundary
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Kendall County: Shallow Groundwater Quality
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Kendall County: Shallow Groundwater
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Kane County Shallow Aquifers: Chloride
Gray areas: aquifer material within 50 ft of land surface
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Chicago Region: annual average snowfall: 38 inches >55,000 lane miles
annual average road salt application: > 270,000 tons
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Aerial view of Lake Calumet
Cal Sag Channel
GrandCalumet R
Calumet River
Lake Michigan
Lake Calumet
Wolf Lake
NLoop 12 milesIL/IN
94
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Lake Calumet Shallow Monitoring Wells: Cl-
94
[1991]Wells < 20 ft
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Public Supply Wells: Chicago Region
55% have positive trends; >60% in DuPage, Will, Kane37% > 1 mg/L/yr; 12% > 4 mg/L/yr
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Identification of the sources of Na & Cl
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Case study: Karst Waters
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Mason Co. Tree Nursery
NO3-N (mg/L)0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dep
th (
ft)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MLS-3MLS-18
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Mason Co. Tree Nursery
NO3-N and DO (mg/L)0 2 4 6 8 10
Dep
th (
ft)
10
20
30
40
50
Fe (mg/L)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
DO
NO3-N
Fe
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Nitrate Isotopes
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Some Illinois Samples: Row Crop Sites
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Nitrate Isotopes: ISU Research Farm
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Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment
Tetra-cycline
Chlortetra-cycline
Oxytetra-cycline
Anhydro-tetracycline
Anhydro-chlortetra-
cycline
Manure slurry*
15.3 105.2 < 5 < 10 < 10
Separated Effluent*
9.0 23.0 < 5 < 10 < 10
Manure surface^
1.5 87.2 < 1 6.2 11.2
Manure deep^
< 1 3.1 < 1 < 2 < 2
Effluent surface^
3.9 10.6 6.9 < 2 < 2
*ng/mL ^ng/g
Tetracycline in Soil Amendments and Soils: ISU Farm
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Program Objectives:• Monitor Long-Term Groundwater Quality Near Swine
Confinement Facilities• Determine the Occurrence and Concentration of:
– Nutrients– Viruses– Antibiotics– Antibiotic Resistance Genes
• Evaluate the fate and transport of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soil and groundwater
Monitoring Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOS)
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Tetracycline DetectionsParent Compounds
Conc. (µg/L) N Tetracycline Chlor-tetracycline
Oxy-tetracycline
All Samples 52 4 5 5
Groundwater 45 0 0 2 (0.08-0.1)
Manure 7 4 (0.4 - 8.2) 5 (0.1- 14) 3 (0.3-0.4)
Breakdown Products
Anhydro-tetracycline
Beta-Apoxy-tetracycline
Anhydro-chlortetracycline
All Samples 27 3 6 4
Groundwater 24 1 (0.1) 3 (0.1 – 0.3) 3 (0.2-0.3)
Manure 3 2 (0.2) 3 (0.1 - 0.4) 1 (0.4)
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Chloride Concentrations and tet Gene Frequency
Lagoon
Stream 10.3
48.2
408
405
47.0 34.2
58.9
79212.8
296
29.0
14.8273159
30.5
172
20.3
Lagoon
Stream 25
54
88
88
29 35
38
10050
83
35
429692
80
60
54
Site A
Chloride (mg/L) Gene Frequency (%)
(2000-2003 N = 95)
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Determining Soil Cleanup Objectives (SCOs) for IDOA
• Derive SCOs for fertilizer NH4-N spills– Protect groundwater quality in Illinois– SCO ≈ amount sorbed plus extent of dilution
times a groundwater quality objective– Movement of NH4
+ as well as nitrification– 10 mg/L as N yields a default SCO of 38 mg/kg
for NH4+
– Experiments showed SCOs correlated with cation exchange capacity (CEC)
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Proposed Default Soil Cleanup Objectives for Ammonium: Since Promulgated by IDOA
CEC Class I as mg N/kg
Class II as mg N/kg
< 8 500 1,0008 to 15 1,000 3,600
15 to 24 2,200 9,300
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Arsenic in the Mahomet
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100m
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Arsenic Solubility Affected by OM Availability
Symbol size:Relative As conc.
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Arsenic Removal
Pilot Plant at Danvers, IL Water Treatment Plant
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Effect of H2O2 and Iron Dosage on Arsenic Removal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
Added Iron Concentration (mg/L)
To
tal A
s C
on
cen
trati
on
(u
g/L
) R
em
ain
ing
Dp=55
Dp=27
Dp=0
Dp=27 Aer
Dp=0 Fe(II)
Dp=26
Dp=18
Dp=10
Dp=19 Fe(II)
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Radium (Ra) in Water from the Deep Bedrock Aquifer System
Area Where 226Ra + 228Ra > 5 pCi/L has been Detected in Deep Bedrock System
Map Modified from Kay (1999)The USEPA drinking water standard for combined Ra is 5 pCi/L
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Galena/Platt Ancell Ironton/Gales Mt Simon
pCi/L
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ra226Ra228Total Ra
Radium Concentrations by Aquifer
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Barium in Deep Bedrock Aquifers
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Karst
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Fecal Bacteria: Karst(% detects)
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Land Use in Karst: Well Data
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15NO3- Data: Wells (Karst)
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Nature Preserves Program
• Cooperative effort of the Surveys with IDNR since 1998
• PIs: Randy Locke and Jim Miner
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= generalized surface water movement
= infiltration trench
= water quality sampling location
(77) = chloride conc. (mg/L), Nov 2007
Clean pond
(70)
Gifford Lake
Portal
6 (150)
South Outfall
(220)higher chloride
P82-S (160)
Bluff Spring Fen, Chloride (Nov. 2007)
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Chloride - Well P82-S
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The The EndEnd