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Honggang ZHANG, Professor, Ph.D.Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, ChinaAugust 28, 2008
(In cooperation with Dr. Tao Chen, VTT, Finland)
COMNETS08 Co-located with CHINACOM08
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Global Warming The Most Dangerous Threat
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Global Temperatures Increasing & Warming inArctic
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Indicators of the Human Influence on the
Atmosphere during the Industrial Era
Source: http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/ , Prof. David MacKay, Cambridge University
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Indicators of the Human Influence on the
Atmosphere during the Industrial Era in Detail
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Global Costs of Extreme Weather Events from 19502006
(Adjusted for Inflation)
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Energy Cost and Power Consumption Increasing
with Telecommunications
Telecommunications data volume increases approximately by a factor of 10
every 5 years, which corresponds to an increase of the associated energy
consumption by approximately 16-20% per year. Currently, 3% of the world-wide energy is consumed by the ICT(Information &
Communications Technology) infrastructure that causes about 2% of the
world-wide CO2 emissions, which is comparable to the world-wide CO2
emissions by airplanes orone quarter of the world-wide CO2 emissions by
cars.
Source: 1st International Workshop on Green Wireless 2008 (W-GREEN)
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Energy Cost and Power Consumption Increasingwith Telecommunications (cont.)
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Three key factors power, environment and green spur
the telecommunications industry into green action Energy-saving solutions helping mobile operators meet
commercial and sustainability goals worldwide
Energy costs account foras much as half of a mobile operators
operating expenses, so radio network solutions that improve energy-
efficiency are not only good for the environment, they also make
commercial sense for operators and support sustainable, profitable
business. These costs are rising, in some cases dramatically, due to
high-usage data centers and mobile network expansion, particularly
into rural.
Environmental and energy cost concerns give rise to a number ofsizable business opportunities to service providers - video and
audio-conferencing, international connectivity, Ethernet LAN/IP VPN
(IP Virtual Private Network), storage, power line communications,
storage, RFID tracking, and intelligent transport.
Source: Ericsson Press Release (June 2008)
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Green Communications - Telecommunications Value in
Promoting Environmental Improvement
Source: Saving the climate @ the speed of light, WWF, ETNO
Telecommunicationsapplications can have a direct, tangible impact on
lowering greenhouse gas emissions, power consumption, and achieving
efficient recycling of equipment waste.
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Telecommunications Value in Promoting Environmental
Improvement (cont.)
Source: Deutsche Telekom, November 2007
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Why does Cognitive Radio Make Sense for Green
Communications? IEEE (http://www.ieeeusa.org/forum/POSITIONS/cognitiveradio.html):
A Cognitive Radio is a radio frequency transmitter/receiver that is designed
to intel l igent ly detectwhether a particular segment of the radio spectrum
is currently in use, and to jump into (and out of, as necessary) the
temporar i ly -unusedspectrum very rapidly, without interfer ingwith thetransmissions of other authorized users. Dynamic Spectrum Access
FCC (FCC NPRM, Dec 17, 2003, ET-03-108):
A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can changeits transmitter parameters
based on interact ionwith the environment in which it operates. This
interaction may involve act ive nego tiat ionorcommunica t ionswith other
spectrum users and/orpass ive sens ingand decis ion makingwithin theradio.
Cognitive radio technologies include, among other things, the ability ofdevices to determine their location, sense spectrumuse by neighboringdevices, change frequency, adjust output power, and even altertransmission parameters and characteristics.
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NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information
Administration) definition:A radio or system that sensesits operational electromagnetic
environment and can dynamical lyand autonom ous ly ad jus tits radio
operating parameters to modify system operation, such as maximize
throughput, mitigate interference, facilitate interoperability, accesssecondary markets.
Extended definition for science and engineering community: Adaptive, multi-dimensionally environment-aware, autonomous
radio system that learns from its experiences to reason, plan, anddecidefuture actions to meet user needs.
Cognition
the act or process of knowing, including awareness,percept ion, memory, and judgment.
Why does Cognitive Radio Make Sense for Green
Communications (cont.)?
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How does a Cognitive Radio Get so Smart?How does a Cognitive Radio Get so Smart?
Joseph Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10
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Various Philosophies of Cognitive Radio & Networks
[Simon Haykin, 2005]
[UC Davis, 2007]
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How does Cognition Cycle work? Cognitive Radio & Networking
Input - Decision Making -Action
Environment awareness(Input)
External stimuli Sensing
Interpretation & Learning(Decision Making)
Reasoning
Interpretation
Learning
Implementation ofDecision (Action)
Actuation
Parameter change
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Basics of Cognitive Radio Cognitive Radio & Networking
Input - Decision Making -Action
Environment awareness(Input)
External stimuli Sensing
Interpretation & Learning(Decision Making)
Reasoning
Interpretation
Learning
Implementation ofDecision (Action)
Actuation
Parameter change
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The Key Roles of Cognitive Radio (CR)
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General Picture on Cognitive Radio & Networking
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Dynamic Spectrum Access & Management Opportunities
Courtesy of Dr. Stefan Mangold
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Cognitive Radio & Networking can detect its operating wireless
environment and learn how to adapt and evolve
Cognitive Radio & Networking can adjust itself to handle
anticipated and unapticipated wireless channels and environments
Cognitive Radio & Networking requires:
Sensing Learning & Action Adaptation & Evolution
Cognitive Radio & Networking can achieve an expected quality ofservice (smart transmiting/relaying node) as well as mitigate
interference to neighboring radios (smat receiving/cooperative
node)
Promises of Cognitive Radio & Networking
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Cognitive Radio & Networks Projects in Europe (FP7)
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IEEE SCC 41 (IEEE P1900) Subgroups: IEEE Working Group 1900.1 - Standard Dictionary of Terms, Definitions and
Concepts for Spectrum Management, Policy Defined Radio, Cognitive Radioand Software Defined Radio
IEEE Working Group 1900.2 - Recommended Practice forInterference andCoexistence Analysis
IEEE Working Group 1900.3 - Recommended Practice for ConformanceEvaluation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Modules using Formal
Concepts and Methods Analysis IEEE Working Group 1900.4 Cohabitation of Heterogeneous Wireless
Systems by defining a relevant Distribution ofCognitive Functions between theNetwork and the User-terminal (Supported by E2R Project)
IEEE Study Group A - Dependability and Evaluation of Regulatory Compliancefor Radio Systems with Dynamic Spectrum Access
IEEE SCC 41 (IEEE P1900) - Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
Source: E2R Project
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Technical Dimensions of Cognitive Radio for Green
Communications (Radio Resource-, Energy- & Networking-Efficiency)
Courtesy of Dr. Jim Hoffmeyer
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Optimizing the energy-efficiency of mobile networks not
only reduces environmental impact, it also cuts network
costs and helps to make communication more affordable
for everyone.
Finding new efficient-energy solutions also helps spread
access to communications by opening up more options
for the sitting of radio sites in a sustainable, low-impact
way, and by reducing overall Total Cost of Ownership.
Cognitive Radio Based New Approaches in GreenCommunications Era
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Bio-inspired Cognitive Radio (Swarm Intelligence) forImproving Networking Performance & Energy-Efficiency
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Bottom-up approach for solving problems of complex systems
Limited local information and no global knowledge of the structure
Collective complexity out of individual simplicity: Union makes Force
A natural model ofdistributed problem solving: no external guidance or central
control Fully distributed control
Individuals follow only a few simple behavioral rules (limited cognitive capabilities)
Emergence: each individual has only a limited set of behavioral and the colony as a
whole exhibits a complex structure Power of interactions
Activity coordination:
Self-organization
Explicit (direct) local communication (peer-to-peer)
Implicit (indirect) communication through the environment (stigmergy)
Self-organization, scalability (works even for an important number of entities),
flexibility (environment adaptation), and robustness (structures spontaneously re-
form in case of mistakes or variation in number of entities)
Features & Advantages of Swarm Intelligence
Source: Tao Chen, H. Zhang, M. Katz, and Z. Zhou, Swarm Intelligence Based Dynamic Control Channel
Assignment in CogMesh, IEEE ICC 2008 Workshops.
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Swarm Intelligence Based Energy-efficient & Spectrum-agile
Approaches in Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networking
Energy-efficient & Spectrum-agileControl Channel Assignment Algorithm
Based on Swarm Intelligence
Source: Tao Chen, H. Zhang, G. M. Maggio, and I. Chlamtac, CogMesh: A Cluster-Based Cognitive Radio
Network, IEEE DySPAN 2007.
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Bio-inspired Cognitive Radio (Swarm Intelligence) for Energy
Efficiency in Vehicular Communications EnvironmentTransportation demand managementsystems can cut down greenhouse gasesproduced by cars and trucks by leveraginglocation-based services, unifiedcommunications services, mobile resource
management systems, and fleetmanagement systems.
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Honggang ZHANG, Professor, Ph.D.Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang University
Email: [email protected]
Thank You !
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]