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Green buildingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about sustainableconstruction principles. For thebuilding on the MIT campus, see
Green Building (MIT). For the building in Louisville, see The Green Building (Louisville, Kentucky).
Green building(also known as green
constructionor sustainable building) refers to a
structure and using process that is environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
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US EPA Kansas City Science & Technology Center
This facility features the follow ing green attributes:
*LEED 2.0 Gold certified
*Green Power
*Native Landscaping
Sustainable energy
Energy conser vation
Cogeneration Energy efficiency
Heat pump Green building
Microgeneration Passive solar
Renewable energyAnaerobic digestion Biomass
Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar
Tidal Wind
Sustainable transport
Carbon-neutral f uel Biofuels
Electric vehicle Green vehicle
Plug-in hybrid Bioethanol
building's life-cycle: from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation,
and demolition. This requires close cooperation of
the design team, the architects, the engineers,
and the client at all project stages.[1]The Green
Building practice expands and complements the
classical building design concerns of economy,
utility, durability, and comfort.[2]
Although new technologies are constantly being
developed to complement current practices in
creating greener structures, the common objective
is that green buildings are designed to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human
health and the natural environment by:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation[2]
A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller
scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materialsthat are
available locally.[3]Other related topics include sustainable design
and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting
the needs of present generations without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their needs.[4]Although some green
building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing
homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be
applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.
A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found
12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have
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Sustainable dev elopment portal
Renewable energy portal
Environment portal
V T E
excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more
satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial
buildings. [5]
Contents [hide]
1 Reducing environmental impact
2 Goals of green building
2.1 Life cycle ass ess ment (LCA)2.2 Siting and structure design efficiency
2.3 Energy efficiency
2.4 Water efficiency
2.5 Materials efficiency
2.6 Indoor environmental quality enhancement
2.7 Operations and maintenance optimization
2.8 Waste reduction
3 Cos t and payoff
4 Regulation and operation
5 International frameworks and ass essment tools
6 See also
6.1 Green building by country
6.2 General
7 References
8 External links
Reducing environmental impact [edit]
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impactof building. The first
rule[according to whom?]is that the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. Since
construction almost always degrades a building site, not building at all is preferable to green building, in
terms of reducing environmental impact. The second rule is that every building should be as small as
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Blu Homes mkSolaire, a green building
designed by Michelle Kauf mann.
possible. The third rule is not to contribute to sprawl, even if the most energy-efficient, environmentally
sound methods are used in design and construction. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban
"greenfield" sites.[citation needed]
Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory,
approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The
International Energy Agencyreleased a publication that estimated that existing buildings are
responsible for more than 40% of the worlds total primary energy consumption and for 24% of globalcarbon dioxide emissions.[6]
Goals of green building [edit]
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the
energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment
pollution concern in the 1970s.[7]The green building
movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for
more energy efficient and environmentally friendly
construction practices. There are a number of motives for
building green, including environmental, economic, and social
benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an
integrated and synergistic design to both new construction
and in the retrofittingof existing structures. Also known as
sustainable desi n this a roach inte rates the buildin life-
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Taipei 101, the tallest and
largest green building of LEED
Platinum certification in the
w orld since 2011.
cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create
a synergy among the practices used.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and
skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the
environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of
renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active
solar, and photovoltaicequipment, and using plants and trees throughgreen roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other
techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or
using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional
concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.
While the practices or technologies employed in green building are
constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental
principles persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure
Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials
Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and
Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction.[8][9]The
essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these
principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green
building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative
effect.
On the aesthetic side of green architectureor sustainable designis the philosophy of designing abuilding that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are
several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local
sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) [edit]
A life cycle assessment(LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic
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concerns[10]by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a
process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use,
repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others)
embodied energy, global warmingpotential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste.
In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from aprescriptiveapproach, which
assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation
of actual performance through LCA.Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings
(ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green
building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts
are critical to the design of environmentally responsible buildings.
In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes rating system, and is part of
the new American National Standard based on Green Globes,ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building
Protocol for Commercial Buildings. LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a
decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The
state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft Green Building Standards
Code.
Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time consuming for regular use by design
professionals, research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials
Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.
In the UK, the BRE Green Guide to Specificationsoffers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on
LCA.
In North America, the ATHENA EcoCalculator for Assembliesprovides LCA results for several hundred
common building assembles based on data generated by its more complex parent software, the
ATHENA Impact Estimator for Buildings. (The EcoCalculator is available free at www.athenasmi.org.)
Athena software tools are especially useful early in the design process when material choices have far-
reaching implications for overall environmental impact. They allow designers to experiment with different
material mixes to achieve the most effective combination.
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An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage
w ith a turf roof and solar panels
Siting and structure design efficiency [edit]
See also: Sustainable design
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept
stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and
performance.[11]In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total
environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as aprocess is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never
repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a
multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the
design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's
relevant life-cycle stages.[12]
Energy efficiency [edit]
Main articles: Low-energy houseandZero-energy building
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy
consumption both the embodied energy required to extract,
process, transport and install building materials and
operating energy to provide services such as heating and
power for equipment.
As high-performance buildings use less operating energy,
embodied energy has assumed much greater importance and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle
energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database
Project[13]show buildings built primarily with wood will have a
lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick,
concrete, or steel.[14]
To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building
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envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-
performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar
building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and
place awnings, porches, and trees[15]to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing
solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural
light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heatingfurther reduces energy
costs.
Onsite generation of renewable energythrough solar power,wind power, hydro power, or biomasscan
significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most
expensive feature to add to a building.
Water efficiency [edit]
See also: Water conservation
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building.
One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquiferexceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their
dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and
conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual
plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water
may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow
shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing
possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatmentand heating improves both water
quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage
and greywaterfor on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.[16]
Materials efficiency [edit]
See also: Sustainable architecture
Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified
to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension
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stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products
that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels
made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite,
flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone,
concrete(high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete[17]), etc.[18][19]) The EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal
combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects [20]Building materials
should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in
their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to
site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling
(because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise
and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through
energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate
database services such as GreenOhm.[21]
Indoor environmental quality enhancement [edit]
See also: Indoor Air Quality
The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental
categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ
category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal
quality, and lighting quality.[22][23]
Indoor Air Qualityseeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such
as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation sys tem (passively/naturally
or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated,
filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During
the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with
zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance
products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases
can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products
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will increase a building's IEQ. LEED,[24]HQE[25]and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-
emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012[26]is about to expand the scope of the involved products.
BREEAM[27]limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.
Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold
growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and
microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold
surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightlysealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate
moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and
other activities.
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed
building envelopewill also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance
luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve
on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure. [16][28]
Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are
known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and
its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and
Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of
carpet.[29]The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in
the air to moderate humidity.[30]
Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that
determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor airscientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air, available at
http:/ /www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0905-6947 . An extensive set of resources on
indoor air quality is available at http://www.buildingecology.com/iaq .[31]
Operations and maintenance optimization [edit]
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain
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so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M)
personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria
designed at the onset of the project.[32]Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase
of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal
of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's
life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement
take place.
Waste reduction [edit]
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction.
For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[33]During
the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-
designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by
providing on-site solutions such as compost binsto reduce matter going to landfills.
To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOsand the forest industry) created the website dontwastewood.com. The site includes a variety of
resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and
individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.
When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills.
Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into
useful building material.[34]Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste building
materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.[35]
To reduce the impact onwellsorwater treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater
from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if
treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for
similar purposes.
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this
process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other
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benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogasplant with
other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement
in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create
carbon sinksthat remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gasemission.
Producing artificial fertilizeris also more costly in energy than this process. [36]
Cost and payoff [edit]
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photo-
voltaics, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost
a premium of
-
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such as location and maintenance of building site, conservation of water, energy, and building materials,
and occupant comfort and health. The number of credits generally determines the level of
achievement.[44]
Green building codes and standards, such as the International Code Councils draft International Green
Construction Code,[45]are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish
minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.
Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:Australia: Nabers / Green Star / BASIX (in NSW only)
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes / Built Green Canada
China: GBAS
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE
Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS
Hong Kong: BEAM Society Limited
India: Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) / GBCIndia (Green Building Construction India) /
GRIHA
Indonesia: Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) / Greenship
Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Council Italia
Japan: CASBEE
Jordan: Jordan Green Building Council
Korea, Republic of: Green Building Certification Criteria / Korea Green Building CouncilMalaysia: GBI Malaysia
Mexico: LEED Mexico
Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Pakistan: Pakistan Green Building Council
Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green Building Council
l id / l
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Portugal: Lider A / SBToolPT
Qatar: Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS)
Republic of China (Taiwan): Green Building Label
Singapore: Green Mark
South Africa: Green Star SA
Spain: VERDE
Switzerland: Minergie
United States: LEED / Living Building Challenge / Green Globes / Build it Green / NAHB
NGBS / International Green Construction Code (IGCC)/ ENERGY STAR
United Kingdom: BREEAM
United Arab Emirates: Estidama
Turkey : CEDBK
Thailand : TREES
Vietnam: LOTUS Rating Tools
Czech Republic: SBToolCZ
International frameworks and assessment tools [edit]
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established by
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potentialeffects and options for adaptation and mitigation.[46]
UNEP and Climate change [7]
United Nations Environment Program UNEPworks to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies,
support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate change science, and raise public
awareness about this global challenge.
GHG Indicator[8]
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GHG Indicator[8]
The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for
Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations
Agenda 21[9]
Agenda 21is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. It is a
comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN,
governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment. The number21 refers to the 21st century.
FIDIC's PSM[10]
The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability Management
Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in setting
sustainable development goals for their projects that are recognized and accepted by as being in the
interests of society as a whole. The process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with
local conditions and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verifytheir progress.
The Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and Sub-Themes under
the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental and Economic. For each individual Sub-
Theme a core project indicator is defined along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the
context of an individual project.
The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use as the basis for
disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides stakeholders a universallyapplicable, comparable framework in which to understand disclosed information.
The Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, as well
as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as the basis for all reporting. They are
the foundation upon which all other reporting guidance is based, and outline core content for reporting
that is broadly relevant to all organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The Guidelines contain
principles and guidance as well as standard disclosures including indicators to outline a disclosure
framework that organizations can voluntarily exibly and incrementally adopt
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framework that organizations can voluntarily, exibly, and incrementally, adopt.
Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key terms in the indicator,
compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator, and other technical references.
Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-ts-all approach. Sector Supplements
complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set of sustainability issues faced by
different sectors such as mining, automotive, banking, public agencies and others.
IPD Environment Code
The IPD Environment Code[47]was launched in February 2008. The Code is intended as a good practice
global standard for measuring the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to
accurately measure and manage the environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property
executives to generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings anywhere
in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from ofces to airports) and aims to inform
and support the following;
Creating an environmental strategyInputting to real estate strategy
Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement
Creating performance targets
Environmental improvement plans
Performance assessment and measurement
Life cycle assessments
Acquisition and disposal of buildings
Supplier management
Information systems and data population
Compliance with regulations
Team and personal objectives
IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to develop a robust set
of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate estate.
ISO 21931
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Sustainable development portal
Energy portal
Home portal
ISO 21931
ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building constructionFramework for methods of assessment for
environmental performance of construction worksPart 1: Buildings, is intended to provide a general
framework for improving the quality and comparability of methods for assessing the environmental
performance of buildings. It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using
methods for the assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in the
design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not an assessment
system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in, the
ISO 14000 series of standards.
See also [edit]
Natural building
Green building by country [edit]
Green Building in Bangladesh
Green building in Germany
Green building in Israel
Green building in Malaysia
Green
building
in
South
Africa
Green
building in the United Kingdom
Green building in IndiaGreen building in the United States
General [edit]
Alexander Thomson, a pioneer in sustainable Green architecture
building Green Building Council
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building
Alternative natural materials
Andrew Delmar Hopkins
Arcology high density ecological structures
Active solar
Autonomous building
Building Codes Assistance Project
Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing
Centre for Interactive Research on
Sustainability
Copper in architecture for sustainability and
recyclability
Copper in energy efficient motorsand Copper
wire and cableas energy-efficient electrical
conductorsDeconstruction (building)
Dimension stone
Domotics
Earthbag construction
EarthCraft House
Earthship
Eco hotel
Energy Conservation Building Code
Eco-building cluster(in Belgium)
Ecohouse (disambiguation)
Environmental planning
Energy-plus-house
EnOcean
Green Building Council
Green Home
Green library
Green technology
Glass in green buildings
Heat island effect
Hot water heat recycling
Insulating concrete form
Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design
List of low-energy building techniques
Low-energy house
Mahoney tables
Nano House
Natural buildingPhotovoltaics
Rainwater harvesting
Sustainable city
Sustainable habitat
Sustainable House Day
The Verifier
Tropical green building
Whole Building Design Guide
World Green Building Council
Zero-energy building
Fab Tree Hab
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Fab Tree Hab
Federal Roofing Tax Credit for Energy
Efficiency(in the US)
Geo-exchange
GovEnergy Workshop and Trade Show
References [edit]
1. ^Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building
Press. ISBN 7-112-08390-7
2. ^ abU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2009). Green Building Basic Information.
Retrieved December 10, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm
3. ^Hopkins , R. 2002.A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.
4. ^Allen & Iano, 2008[Allen, E, & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and
methods . Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
5. ^GSA Public Buildings Service Ass ess ing Green Building Performance6. ^Howe, J.C. (2010). Overview of green bu ildings . National Wetlands Newsletter, 33(1)
7. ^Mao, X., Lu, H., & Li , Q. (2009). International Conference on Management and Service Science, 2009.
MASS '09., 1-5. doi:10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5303546
8. ^U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2010). Green Building Home. Retrieved
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http://www.wbdg.org/designsustainable.php
10. ^Life cycle assessment#cite note-1
11. ^Hegazy, T. (2002). Life-cycle s tages of projects. Computer-Based Cons truction Project Management,8.
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14. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 3 Energy Conservation
15. ^Simps on, J.R. Energy and Buildings , Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on res idential energy
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use, February 2002.[1] Retrieved:2008-04-30.
16. ^ abCalifornia Integrated Waste Management Board. (January 23, 2008). Green Build ing Hom e Page.
Retrieved November 28, 2009, from .... http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GREENBUILDING/basics.htm
17. ^- ((hempcrete)). Roman concrete self-healing
18. ^Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt
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20. ^Components of Green Building | Green Building |US EPA
21. ^[www.greenohm.com GreenOhm official website]
22. ^Lee YS, Guerin DA, Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified
buildings in the US, Building and Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.10.019
23. ^KMC Controls. "What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?" . Retrieved 25 March 2013.
24. ^LEED and low-emitting interiors
25. ^HQE and low-emitting interiors
26. ^Draft LEED 2012 and low-emitting interiors
27. ^BREEAM and low-em itting interiors
28. ^WBDG Sustainable Comm ittee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved October 28, 2009, fromhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php
29. ^Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America Home Remodel ling
30. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 6 Health and Wellbeing
31. ^IAQ
32. ^WBDG Sustainable Comm ittee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from
http://www.wbdg.org/design/optimize_om.php
33. ^Kats, Greg; Alevantis Leon; Berman Adam; Mills Evan; Perlman, Jeff. The Cos t and Financial Benefits
of Green Buildings, October 2003 [2] Retrieved:November 3rd, 2008.34. ^In Business magazine Green Builders Get Big Help from Decons truction
35. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 5 Durability and Adaptability
36. ^Lange, Jorg; Grottker, Mathias; Otterpohl, Ralf. Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and
Waste Management In Urban Areas, June 1998. [3] Retrieved:April 30, 2008.
37. ^Kats, Greg, Leon Alevantis , Adam Berman, Evan Mills , Jeff Perlman. The Cos t and Financial Benefits
of Green Buildings , November 3rd, 2008.
38. ^Cali fornia Sustainabil ity Alliance, Green Buildings. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from
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[show ]V T E
[show ]V T E
Library resources
About Green building
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
y g
http://sustainca.org/programs/green_buildings_challenges
39. ^Fedrizzi, Rick,"Intro What LEED Measures ." United States Green Building Council, October 11, 2009.
40. ^Langdon, Davis. The Cos t of Green Revisited. Publication. 2007.
41. ^Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental
Certification on Office Property Values. 2009. [4] Retrieved: November 5, 2010
42. ^Pivo, Gary; Fisher, Jeffrey D. Investment Returns from Res ponsible Property Investments: Energy
Efficient, Transi t-oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998-2008.
2009.[5] Retrieved: November 5, 2010
43. ^Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates.
2009.[6] Retrieved: November 5, 2010
44. ^Naturally:wood Building Green and the Benefits of Wood
45. ^International Code Council International Green Construction Code
46. ^IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Clim ate Change
47. ^IPD Environment Code
External links [edit]
Environmental technology
Technology
Categories: Sustainable building Building engineering Sustainable architecture
Low-energy building Buildings and structures by type
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings Sustainable urban planning
This page was last modified on 28 November 2013 at 16:29.
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