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Greek PhilosophyChapter 11
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I. Greeks placed great importance on intellect, and/or the ability to reason
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A. Studying the laws of nature and loving wisdom was called Philosophia
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B. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language
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II. The greatest Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
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A. Socrates1. Purpose of his life: to seek the truth
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2. Asked questions to find the trutha. This was known as the Socratic Methodb. Examples: What is man? How can man lead a good life?
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3. The “good life” was wisdom, not riches or fame
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4. Socrates asked people to examine their own beliefs and think things outa. He became very annoying!
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5. He made enemies, who accused him of:a. Corrupting the youth of Athens
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b. Denying the Godsc. Trying to overthrow the
government
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6. Socrates was put on trial and found guilty
7. He said he would not change his beliefs to save his own life! He would rather die for his ideas!
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8. He drank Hemlock Juice, a poison, rather than change his mind
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9. With the death of Socrates, Athens went downhill! In killing Socrates, they also killed freedom of thought and speech
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B. Plato1. Plato was a student of Socrates
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a. He recorded all of Socrates’ lessons
b. These writings were turned into a book called The Dialogues, which included all of Socrates’ teachings
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2. He set up a school in an olive grovea. Called the Academy
b. Taught there for 40 yearsc. The school itself lasted for 900 years
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3. His quest (search) was for the truth also
4. He believed in an ideal (perfect) state (government)
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a. Government should be ruled by philosophers
b. Foundation of the state would be the Greek virtues of courage, temperance, wisdom, and justice
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c. He wrote a book about these ideas called The Republic- this was the first book about political science ever written
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d. Plato did not like democracy- he believed there were too many ignorant people who should not have a say in the government!
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C. Aristotle1. Aristotle was one of Plato’s students
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2. He came to the Academy at age 17 and stayed for 20 years
3. He set up his own school called the Lyceum
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4. He wrote over 200 books5. He improved the
Scientific Method by adding the third step of experimentation
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a. Collect datab. Form
hypothesis(These first two steps were formed by Thales of Miletus
c. Test hypothesis(This was added by Aristotle)
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6. Aristotle also developed the science of reasoning called logic
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a. He developed the syllogism, which consists of three related statements
b. The first two statements must be true
c. The third statement is a conclusion based on the information given in the first two statements
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d. Examples:Athenians are GreeksSocrates is an AthenianTherefore, Socrates is a Greek
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Upper Dublin is in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania is in the U.S.A.Therefore, _____ ______ is in the ____________
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7. Aristotle was also the first scientist to classify things in nature
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a. Classified plants and animals by similarities
b. System of classification still used today
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8. Aristotle promoted the “Golden Mean”, which meant moderation in everything
9. He was the tutor of
Alexander theGreat
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III. Famous Greek ScientistsA. Thales of Miletus
1. First two steps of Scientific Method
2. Predicted first eclipse of the sun
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B. Hippocrates- father of scientific medicine
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1. Believed diseases came from natural causes, not evil spirits
2. Hippocratic Oath- rules how doctors should treat their patients
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C. Eratosthenes1. Figured Earth’s circumference within 200 miles2. Made map that had latitude and longitude of Asia, Europe, and Africa forming a single landmass