Download - Grammer book
By: Bella Kviten
Grammer Book
• preterite, – trigger words
– car/gar/zar
– spock verbs
– snake verbs and snakey verbs
– cucaracha irregulars
• imperfect– trigger words
– Irregulars
• preterite vs. imperfect
• ser vs. estar
• verbs like gustar
• comparatives and superlatives
• transition words
• future– irregulars
– trigger words
• por
• para
• conditional + irregulars
• perfect tenses– present
– present perfect irregulars
– past
– subjunctive perfect
• tanto y tan
• impersonal ‘se’
• saber vs. Conocer
• los mandatos– Informal
– Formal
– nosotros command
• subjunctive + irregulars– impersonal expressions
– expressions of emotion
– conjunctions of time
• demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
-Specific events-To express events that are viewed by the speaker as complicated-To express the beginning or end of past action-To narrate a series of past actions or events
-aréasteóamosasteisaron
-er/iríisteióimosisteis ieron
PRETERITO
• Words that indicate preterito is being used
Preterito Trigger Words
•anoche•ayer•anteayer•el año pasado•la semana pasada•hace…que…
Car Gar ZarIrregular in the yo form
C ZG
qu cgu
Spock Verbs
hacer
verda
rserir
ir/serfuífuistefuefuemosfuisteísfueron
dar/ver-í-iste-ió-imos-isteís-ieron
hacerhicehicistehizohicimoshicisteíshicieron
Snake Verbs•Snakey VerbsOnly changes in 3rd person
•e>i•Pedir, preferir,
competir, repetir, ser, vir, sentir, venir
•o>u•Dormir, morir
•i>y•oir•e>y• leer, creer
Cucaracha VerbsAndar- anduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber -supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj
-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron
EL IMPERFECTIVO-Background information (time, weather, location)-To describe an ongoing past action with no references to its beginning or end-To express habitual past actions or events-To describe physical and emotional states or characteristics
-aréasteóamosasteisaron
-er/iríisteióimosisteis ieron
El Imperfecto Trigger Words
•Frecuentamente•Siempre•A veces•De vez en cuando•Mientras
•Muchas veces •Los lunes•Cada dia•Todos los dias
iriba ibamosibas ibaisiba iban
serera éramos
eras eraisera eran
verveía veíamos
veías veíaisveía veían
Imperfecto Irregulares
vs.
Ser vs. EstarSerD-description O-originsC-characteristicsT-timeO-occupationR-relationshipP-possesionE-eventD-date
EstarH-healthE-emotionsL-locationP-present conditonI-N-G-ING-ando, iendo
Verbs like Gustar•use singular form when followed by one or more infinitives•often used in conditional tense to soften a request
Comperlatives Superlatives•comparison of one thing to another (more, less, or as…as).
•indicates that one thing is the –best, worst, most, or least of all.
Bueno > MejorMalo > PeorViejo > MayorJoven > Menor
Mas de…Menos que…Tan…como
Transition Words•a pesar de – in spite of•anunque – even though•mientras – while•pero – but
•por lo tanto – therefore•sin embargo/no obstante – nevertheless•tambien – also
El Futuro•I, you, he, she, they, we you all will•infinitive + ending
•é•ás•á
•emos•éis•an
El Futuro Irregularsdecir → dirhaber → habrhacer → harhay → habrápoder → pondrsaber → sabr
querer → querrsalir → saldrtener → tendrvaler → valdrvenir → vendr
El Futuro Trigger Words
el proximo… (horas…)mañanaen (dos, tres...) (horas…)
Por•general, not specific•location (Portugal)•passing through (portal)•an exchange (import, export)•cause of something (porpuse)•how long something lasts (porever)•means pf transportation (transportation)•doing something instead of someone else (I’m por, pay for me)
Para
•destination (paraguay)•for whom something is done (surprise paraty)•purpose for which something is done (parasites)•to express an opinion (paradon me,)•to express idea of deadline (paramedic)•conpare/contrast (compara)
• Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility
• Would, could, should• Infinitive +
• Caber – cabr • Poner – pondr • Decir – dir• Haber – habr• Salir – saldr • Hacer – har• Poder – podr• Tener – tendr• Saber – sabr• Venir – vendr
ía íamosías íaisía ían
Conditional Tense and Irregulars
• A compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle (-ar – ado, -er – ido, -ir – ido) of the other verb.
• For something that was true in the past and is still true in the present.
• For an action completed recently.
• To tell what you have or have not done.
he hemoshas habeísha han
Conjugation of Haber
Present Perfect
• Abrir – abierto • Cubrir – cubierto• Decir – dicho• Escribir – escrito• Hacer – hecho• Morir – murto
• Poner – puesto• Resolver – resuelto • Resolver – resuelto• Ver – visto• Volver – vuelto • Ir – ido
Present Perfect Irregulars
• Used when you have or had done something in the past
• Drop -er or -ir and add -ido• Drop -ar and add -ado
había habíamoshabías habíaishabía habían
PAST PERFECT
+ verb
• Used in same type of clauses as present subjunctive• Normally used to indicate action as completed with
verbs in present or future tense• Use present subjunctive conjugation of verb habe and
the past participle
+ participlehaya hayamoshayas hayaíshaya hayan
Subjunctive Participle
Tan• Tan…como• As…as• Used with adjectives
and adverbs• Rita es tan alta como
María
Tanto• Tanto…como• As much/as many…
as• Used with nouns and
verbs• Tengo tanto dinero
como Juan.
Tan y Tanto
• Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person• Verb always in third person• Can be used in every tense• Se hable Espanol.• Se come pizza y fruita.
IMPERSONAL ‘SE’
Saber
• Used when stating factual information
• Él no sabe nadar. • Yo no sé.
Conocer
• Used for knowledge of people, places or literature.
• Conozco a Marley. • Conozco Atlanta.
Saber vs Conocer
How to form• Conjugate to usted form• Drop ending• Add opposite ending
and ‘s’• Add DOP/IOP to end of
verb• If negative, add before
verb, after no
Irregulars
• Di• Has• Ve• Pon• Sal• Se
• Ten• Ven
Informal Commands
How to form• Conjugate to yo form• Add opposite ending• Add ‘n’ is plural• Add DOP/IOP to end
if affirmitive• If negative, add
before verb, after no
Irregulars
• Dar (dé, den)• Estar (esté, estén)• Ir (vaya, vayan)• Ser (sea, sean)• Saber( sepa,
sepan)
Formal Commands
How to form• Conjugate to
nosotros form• Add opposite ending• Can add se or nos to
the verb
Mono Verbs
• When making reflexive for nos, drop the ‘s’
• Not hablemosnos• But hablemonos
Nosotros Commands
Change to the yo form
Drop the ‘O’
Add opposite enging
SUBJUNCTIVE
Express attitudes, uncertantity, doubt
Irregulares: TVDISHES
es bueno que…It’s good that…
Es malo que…It’s bad that…
es importante que…It’s important that…
es necessario que…It’s necessary that…
es urgente que…It’s urgent that…
IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
Expressions of emotion• Alegrarse (de) – to be happy• Esperar – to hope, to wish• Sentir (e:ie)- to be sorry, to regret• Soprender – surprise• Temer- to be afraid ; to fear• Es triste – it’s sad• Ojalá (que) I hope (that), I wish (that)• Main clause ( hope fear joy pity surprise) • Siento que tu no puedas venir manana. • No change in subject – infinitive• Change in subject – subjunctive
Conjunctions of time• Use the subjunctive after the subordinate
clause to show habits or something in the past• Asi que• Despues de que• En cuanto• Hasta que• Luego que• Tan pronto como
Demonstrati ve Adjecti ves
– este (this) – ese (that) – aquel (that)– estos (these) – esos (those) – aquellos (those)– esta (these) – esa (that) – aquella (that)– estas (those) – esas (that) – aquellas (those)
• adjectives whose function is to point at something
• three sets of demonstrative adjectives
• vary by number and gender, 12 in all
• When used as a pronoun, just add an accent