Download - Grammar book (complete)
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Grammar Book
Andrés Paz
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Table of Contents• Present Tense• Stem Changers• Irregular “yo”• Saber vs. Conocer• Reflexive• “Se” impersonal• Verbs like ger/gir,
/uir/guir, cer/cir• Hace + time + que +
present
•Imperfect• Ireggular• Triger Words
•Preterite• Irregular• Trigger Words
•Comparatives•Superlatives•Future• Irregular• Trigger Words
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Present Tense-AR -ER -IR
Yo -o -o -o
Tu -as -es -es
El/Ella/Usted -a -e -e
Nosotros -amos -emos -imos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -an -en -en
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Stem ChangersE – ie O – ue E – I
Yo Pienso Puedo Pido
Tu Piensas Puedes Pides
El/Ella/Usted Piensa Puede Pide
Nosotros Pensamos Podemos Pedimos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Piensan Pueden Piden
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Irregular “yo”Go Verbs
Tener Tengo
Decir Digo
Traer Traigo
Caer Caigo
Los Demás
Ser Soy
Estar Estoy
Ir Voy
Dar Doy
C - ZC
Conocer Conozco
Producir Produzco
Conducir Conduzco
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Saber vs. ConocerSaber – to know information
Conocer – to be familiar with
Yo Se Conozco
Tu Sabes Conoces
El/Ella/Usted Sabe Conoce
Nosotros Sabemos Conocemos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Saben Conocen
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ReflexivesMe Te Se Nos Se
Myself Yourself HimselfHerselfItself
Ourselves YourselvesThemselves
Lavarse Caerse VestirseYo Me lavo Me caigo Me visto
Tu Te lavas Te caes Te vistesEl/Ella/Usted Se lava Se cae Se visteNosotros Nos lavamos Nos caemos Nos vestimosEllos/Ellas/Ustedes Se lavan Se caen Se visten
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“Se” impersonal
• “Se” is used like the passive voice in English.
Active Passive
Mi amigo vende la helado.My friend sells ice cream.
Se vende la helado.The ice cream is sold.
Ellos comen la hamburguesas.They eat hamburgers.
Se comen la hamburguesas.The hamburgers are eaten.
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Verbs like ger/gir, /uir/guir, cer/cir
Atribuir Conseguir Conocer Decir Coger Exigir
Yo Atribuyo Consigo Conozco Digo Cojo Exijo
Tu Atribuyes Consigues Conoces Dices Coges Exiges
El/Ella/Usted
Atribuye Consigue Conoce Dice Coge Exige
Nosotros Atribuimos Conseguimos
Conocemos Decimos Cogemos Exigimos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
Atribuyen Consiguen Conocen Dicen Cogen Exigen
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Hace + time + que + presente
• This formula is used to show how long an action took.
Hace quince minutos que juego en el parque.I have been playing at the park for fifteen minutes.
Hace + Time + Que + Present tense verb
Hace + Quince minutos + Que + Juego en el parque
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Imperfect• This tense is used to express an event that took place in the past that was
ongoing.– El bebía el jugo de naranja.– He was drinking orange juice.
• Trigger words: – Todos los– A menudo– Con frecuencia– Frecuentemente– De vez en cuando– Mucho– Mientras– Siempre– Muchas veces
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Imperfect (conjugations)-AR -ER -IR
Yo -aba -ía -ía
Tu -abas -ías -ías
El/Ella/Usted -aba -ía -ía
Nosotros -abamos -íamos -íamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aban -ían -ían
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Imperfect (Irregular)Ir Ser Ver
Yo Iba Era Veía
Tu Ibas Eras Veías
El/Ella/Usted Iba Era Veía
Nosotros Íbamos Éramos Veíamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Iban Eran Veían
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Preterite
• This tense is used to express an event that took place in the past that acts as a snapshot, or one moment in time.– El bebí el jugo de naranja ayer.– He drank orange juice yesterday.
• Trigger words:– Ayer– Anoche– Anteayer– La semana pesada– Cada día
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Preterite (conjugation)-AR -ER -IR
Yo -é -í -í
Tu -aste -iste -iste
El/Ella/Usted -ó -ió -ió
Nosotros -amos -imos -imos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aron -ieron -ieron
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Preterite (Irregular)
• If a verb ends in -car/-gar/-zar, change it to -qué/-gué/cé
• Spock verbs:– Hacer: Hice/Hiciste/Hizo/Hicimos/Hicieron– Dar/Ver: -i/-iste/-io/-imos/-ieron– Ir/Ser: Fui/Fuiste/Fue/Fuimos/Fueron
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Preterite (Irregular cont.)
• Cucaracha verbs: – Andar: Anduv-– Estar: Estuv-– Poder: Pud-– Poner: Pus-– Quierer: Quis-– Saber: Sup-– Tener: Tuv-– Vener: Vin-
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Preterite (Irregular cont.)
• Snake/Snakey: Some verbs have irregular conjugations in the Ud. and Uds. tense. For example: If the verb ends in –eer, change the “i” to a “y” in the Ud. and Uds. tense.
Dormir Leer Creer
Yo Dormí Leí Creí
Tu Dormiste Leiste Creiste
El/Ella/Usted Durmío Leyo Creyo
Nosotros Dormimos Leimos Creimos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Durmieron Leyeron Creyeron
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Comparatives
• These words compare two things together.• When comparing things with adjectives:– Thing 1 + comparative (mas/menos, mejor/peor,
mayor/menor, tan) + adjective + (que, como) + thing 2• When comparing things with an adverb– Thing 1 + verb + comparative (mas/menos, mejor/peor,
mayor/menor, tanto(a) + (que, como) + thing 2• When using numbers, use “de” instead of “que”.
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Superlatives
• These words compare one thing to multiple other things.– Something is + superlative (mas/menos,
mejor/peor, mayor/menor) + adjective + de + other stuff.
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Future
• This tense is used to express an event that will happen in a time past now.
• In the future tense, you do not drop the ending. Instead, you add on a suffix to the entire verb, not just the root.– El leerá la libra mañana.– He will read a book tomorrow.
• Trigger words:• En el futuro• La proximo ayer• La proximo dia• La proximo mes
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Future (conjugations)Verb + ___
Yo -é
Tu -ás
El/Ella/Usted -á
Nosotros -emos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -án
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Future (Irregular)
• Decir: Dir-• Haber: Habr-• Hacer: Har-• Poder: Podr-• Poner: Pondr-• Querer: Querr-• Saber: Sabr-• Salir: Saldr-• Tener: Tendr- • Valer: Valdr- • Venir: Vendr-
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EL FIN