Download - Grain Storage Considerations
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An Equal Opportunity University
Grain Storage Considerations
Sam McNeillExtension Agricultural Engineer
UKREC – Princeton, KY
270-365-7541 x 213
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.bae.uky.edu
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Grain Storage SystemsGrain Storage Systems
• Conventional bins/silos
• Horizontal storage
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Storage Consideration Topics:Storage Consideration Topics:
1. Storage capacity & prices in KY
2. Safety considerations
3. Physical and biological considerations
4. Storage management
5. Other resources
More info @bae.uky.edu
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Grain Storage Capacity in KYGrain Storage Capacity in KY
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
M b
u
Total
On-Farm
Off-Farm
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Cash Corn Price: Ohio Valley
100
200
300
400
500
600
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July
Cen
ts/b
u
01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07
07-08 08-09
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How often should I check my grain?How often should I check my grain?
• 2-weeks until cooled
• 2-4 weeks during winter
• Temperature
• Moisture
• Insects
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When Inspecting Stored When Inspecting Stored Grain Always Work in Pairs !Grain Always Work in Pairs !
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Grain Inspection ToolsGrain Inspection Tools
1. PPE – harness / dust masks
2. Portable moisture meter
3. Thermometer
4. Grain/insect probe
5. Bucket /container
6. Psychrometer
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Grain Storage Grain Storage ConsiderationsConsiderations
How to minimize spoilage? 1. Control grain moisture2. Control grain
temperature3. Control grain condition
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10/24UK - BAE
Allowable Storage Time (days)Allowable Storage Time (days)
MC Temperature
% 40 50 60 70 80
16 763 339 151 85 47
18 291 130 58 32 18
20 144 64 29 16 9
22 85 38 17 10 624 57 26 11 7 4
28 33 15 7 4 3
Source: ASABE
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Losses Caused by Insects and Losses Caused by Insects and MoldsMolds
Heating Weight loss Decreased
germination Mycotoxins Price discounts
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Temperature Influence on Temperature Influence on InsectsInsects
Temp. range Effect
< 32 Death in minutes
40 – 60 Death in days
66 – 77 Sub-optimum
82 – 90 Optimum
95 Development stops
122 Death in minutes
Source: P. Fields, USDA 1992
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Molds Like a Warm EnvironmentMolds Like a Warm Environment
Fungus Min OptimumA. restrictus 41 – 50 86 – 95A. glaucus 32 – 41 86 – 95A. candidus 50 – 59 113 – 122A. flavus 50 – 59 104 – 113Penicillium 23 - 32 68 - 77
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Molds Like MoistureMolds Like Moisture
Each mold species has its own moisture preference
Molds grow faster as moisture increases
FungusMinimumRH (%)
Aspergillus restrictus 70Aspergillus glaucus 73Aspergillus candidus 80Aspergillus ochraceus 80Aspergillus flavus 85Penicillium 80 - 90
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Equilibrium MC for CornEquilibrium MC for Corn
Temperature C F 40 50 60 65 70 80 902 35 11.8 13.3 14.8 15.7 16.6 18.7 21.74 40 11.5 12.9 14.5 15.3 16.2 18.3 21.3
10 50 10.9 12.3 13.8 14.7 15.5 17.6 20.516 60 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.1 15.0 17.0 19.9
Source: ASAE Data D245.4 / Average of two Prediction Eqns.
Relative Humidity, %
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Safe Storage Conditions for Safe Storage Conditions for CornCorn
10
11
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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature, F
Gra
in M
ois
ture
, %w
b
70%
65%
60%
Unsafe
Safer
Winter Summer
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Safe Storage MoisturesSafe Storage Moistures
Months Corn Wheat Soybeans
Sept – Oct 14 13.5 12
Nov – Mar 15 14 13
Apr - May 14 13 12
June – Aug 13 12.5 11
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Adjustments to Adjustments to Recommended Storage Recommended Storage
MoisturesMoistures
Need to lower moisture content if:
Low testweightBroken and foreign materialNon-aerated storagePre-harvest mold damageStorage structure
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Cost of Storing Corn(@ $ 4.00 /bu)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Grain Moisture, %wb
Co
st, c
/bu
LP Gas 8.4 5.6 2.8 0
Wt loss 13.6 9.2 4.7 0
12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
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Storage Tips to Control RisksStorage Tips to Control Risks
Clean grain prior to binning Operate augers at capacity and
slowest speed possible Check grain moisture going into
storage Screen grain for mycotoxins S.L.A.M.
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Bin LoadingBin Loading
Manage trash and fines• Control grain damage by
combine• Use a spreader to fill the bin• Remove fines/trash from the
bin center (core)
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Manage Trash and FinesManage Trash and Fines
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Core after Filling to Remove Core after Filling to Remove Light Wheat KernelsLight Wheat Kernels
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Winter Moisture MigrationWinter Moisture Migration
7575OOFF 3535OOFF
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Grain Spoilage from Grain Spoilage from Moisture MigrationMoisture Migration
Uniform Temperatures• Prevent
moisture migration
• Preserves product quality
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30
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J A S O N D J F M A M J J
Month
Tem
pera
ture
, FStored Grain Temperatures in KYStored Grain Temperatures in KY
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Aeration Cooling CycleAeration Cooling Cycle
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Estimated Time for Aeration Estimated Time for Aeration Cycles Cycles (Hours)(Hours)
Cfm/bu Fall Winter Spring
1/10 150 200 120 C
¼ 60 80 48 C
½ 30 40 24 C
¾ 20 27 16 I
1.0 15 20 12 I
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Airflow in 30-ft bin with 10 hp Airflow in 30-ft bin with 10 hp fanfan
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Cost of 3 Aeration CyclesCost of 3 Aeration CyclesExample for 30-ft bin @ 10Example for 30-ft bin @ 10¢/kwh¢/kwh
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Five Day Forecast for Jan. 21, Five Day Forecast for Jan. 21, 20042004
Source: wpsdtv.com
AvgAvg..Hi: 46Hi: 46
Lo: 33Lo: 33
5d: 405d: 40
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20
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30
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1/18 1/19 1/20 1/21 1/22
Date
Hourly Temperatures for Princeton, KYHourly Temperatures for Princeton, KY
2630 14.5
Total fan hours = 70.5
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Off-the-shelf Fan Control with Off-the-shelf Fan Control with ThermostatsThermostats
HOUR METER
HEATINGTHERMOSTAT
COOLINGTHERMOSTAT
FAN
RELAY
Sept. 55 - 65Oct. 45 - 55Nov. 35 - 45
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Commercial Fan Commercial Fan ControllersControllers
opistormax.com
agsense.net
agridryllc.com
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Temperature Cable SystemTemperature Cable System
1. Thermocouple sensor cables
2. Cable suspension system
3. Lead wire extension
4. Readout plug5. Display
instrument
DABC
A
DC
B
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Automated Insect Automated Insect MonitoringMonitoring
www.opistormax.com
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Automated Insect Automated Insect MonitoringMonitoring
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OPIGIMAC Temperature and Insect OPIGIMAC Temperature and Insect Monitoring, Aeration Fan Control SystemMonitoring, Aeration Fan Control System
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ResourcesResources
1. Midwest Plan Servicemwps.org
2. Agricultural Engineering Departments in Midwest…at UK bae.uky.edu
3. GEAPSgeaps.org
4. USDA Grain Lab in KSars.usda.gov
5. GrainNetgrainnet.com
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Questions ?Questions ?
Sam McNeillExtension Agricultural Engineer
University of KentuckyResearch and Education Center
[email protected] x 213
Mike MontrossBiosystems and Agricultural Engineering
[email protected] 859-257-3000 x106