Download - Grain Filling Rates in Corn 2010
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extension.umn.edu/cornextension.umn.edu/corn
Grain Filling Rates in CornGrain Filling Rates in Corn
National Crop Insurance Services Regional/State MeetingNational Crop Insurance Services Regional/State MeetingFlandreau, SDFlandreau, SD -- January 5, 2010January 5, 2010
Jeff CoulterJeff Coulter -- Extension Corn AgronomistExtension Corn Agronomist
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Minnesota AverageMinnesota Average Corn YieldsCorn Yields
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Yield
(bu/A)
Year
2 bu/A/year increase
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1) Kernels per acre Dependent upon
Plant population
Ear size determination prior to tasseling
Success at pollination (moisture & temp.)
2) Kernel weight
Dependent upon
Rate & duration of grain fill (moisture & temp.)
ComponentsComponents of Corn Yieldof Corn Yield
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LambertonLamberton, 2009, 2009 planted April 24planted April 24
Final plant population (thousands/A)
16 21.5 27 32.5 38 43.5
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44,000 plants/A
4.75 between plants in 30 rows
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Future yield improvement will be related to greaterstress tolerance.
Future Yield ImprovementFuture Yield Improvement in Cornin Corn
What type of stress?
1. Moisture stress (as with high plant populations)
2. Nutrient stress
3. Temperature stress
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1) Kernels per acre
Dependent upon
Plant population
Ear size determination prior to tasseling
Success at pollination (moisture & temp.)
2) Kernel weight Dependent upon
Rate & duration of grain fill(moisture & temp.)
Past & Future Yield ImprovementPast & Future Yield Improvement
in Cornin Corn
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For corn grain appraisals, from the milk stage until
kernels are fully mature & moisture drops below 40%.
Based on weighing ear samples which are groupedaccording to maturity, and converting production to
bu/acre.
Maturity Line Weight Appraisal MethodMaturity Line Weight Appraisal Method
Source: Corn Loss Adjustment Standard Handbook
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Research in Wisconsin & Pennsylvania found that at
early stages of grain fill, the Maturity Line Weight
Appraisal Method resulted in low appraisals when
compared to actual yield at end of the season.
This appraisal method is dependent upon yield
factors for various kernel stages, which are based on
the rate of grain fill.
Maturity Line Weight Appraisal MethodMaturity Line Weight Appraisal Method
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Corn yield is closely tied to crop, weather, & soil
conditions during the rapid grain-filling period.
Thus, factors influencing crop growth before grain fill,
but not during grain fill, often have inconsistent effectson grain yield.
Rapid grain filling in corn occurs from late R2
(blister stage) to late R5 (full dent). Typically 35 to 40 days = 4 to 6 bu/A/day
Grain Filling Rates in CornGrain Filling Rates in Corn
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Daily grain filling rates & the duration of this period
determine final yield.
Grain filling rates & how they are affected by crop
& weather conditions, are critical to understanding
how grain yields develop.
Grain Filling Rates in CornGrain Filling Rates in Corn
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Objective: To determine the rate of grain fill for modern hybrids
to provide a better group of yield factors for the
Maturity Line Weight appraisal method.
Corn Grain Filling StudyCorn Grain Filling Study
Lamberton
Waseca
Method:
Weekly ear samples collected
from replicated plots duringrapid grain filling stages.
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Lamberton & Waseca, MN, 2009 following soybean
Nicollet clay loam
2 hybrids with corn borer + rootworm resistance
Pioneer 38P43 (95-day) Pioneer 35F44 (105-day)
4 replications of each hybrid at
both locations
Planted on April 24
Final stand: 32,000 plants/A
Corn Grain Filling StudyCorn Grain Filling Study
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Ear samples were collected weekly from the milk(R3) stage in mid-August through maturity (black
layer)
Additional ear samples were collected throughmid-November to monitor the rate of grain dry
down.
Corn Grain Filling StudyCorn Grain Filling Study
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2009 Rainfall2009 Rainfall
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2009 Air Temperature2009 Air Temperature
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Date of 50% silking (similar at both locations) 95-day hybrid: July 24
105-day hybrid: July 28
Dry conditions following the July 28 silking date
resulted in some pull-back on ears of the 105-day
hybrid.
Corn Grain Filling StudyCorn Grain Filling Study
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August 14August 14 LambertonLamberton, MN, MN
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October 1October 1 LambertonLamberton, MN, MN
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
223 233 243 253 263 273 283
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
105-day
95-day
8/11 10/109/309/209/108/318/21
LambertonLamberton & Waseca, MN: 2009& Waseca, MN: 2009
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
223 233 243 253 263 273 283
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
105-day
95-day
5.5 bu/A/day
4.7 bu/A/day
4.3 bu/
A/day
2.8 bu/
A/day
1.9 bu/A/day
1.5 bu/A/day
8/11 10/109/309/209/108/318/21
LambertonLamberton & Waseca, MN: 2009& Waseca, MN: 2009
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Where is the grain fill occurring?Where is the grain fill occurring?
Base 1/3
Middle 1/3
Tip 1/3
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0
50
100
150
200
250
226 232 239 246 252 260 266 274
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
Tip 1/3 of Ear
Middle 1/3 of Ear
Base 1/3 of Ear
8/14 8/20 8/27 9/3 9/9 9/17 9/23 10/1
35%
37%
28%
9595--Day HybridDay Hybrid
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
226 232 239 246 252 260 266 274 281
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
Tip 1/3 of Ear
Middle 1/3 of Ear
Base 1/3 of Ear
8/14 8/20 8/27 9/3 9/9 9/17 9/23 10/1 10/8
24%
36%
40%
105105--Day HybridDay Hybrid
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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0
15
30
45
60
75
90
223 233 243 253 263 273 283
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
Base 1/3 of Ear
Middle 1/3 of Ear
Tip 1/3 of Ear
8/11 8/21 8/31 9/10 9/20 9/30 10/10
9595--Day HybridDay Hybrid
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
223 233 243 253 263 273 283
Corngrain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
Base 1/3 of Ear
Middle 1/3 of Ear
Tip 1/3 of Ear
8/11 8/21 8/31 9/10 9/20 9/30 10/10
105105--Day HybridDay Hybrid
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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0
40
80
120
160
200
223 233 243 253 263 273 283
Corn
grain
yield
(bu/A)
Date
105-day: Base 1/3 + Middle 1/3
95-day Base 1/3 + Middle 1/3
105-day: Tip 1/3
95-day: Tip 1/3
8/11 10/109/309/209/108/318/21
9595-- vs. 105vs. 105--Day HybridDay Hybrid
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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Grain Filling Rate by Ear PortionGrain Filling Rate by Ear Portion
(Waseca &(Waseca & LambertonLamberton, MN, MN -- 2009)2009)
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Starch Line Location vs. Grain YieldStarch Line Location vs. Grain Yield
Starch line 20% down on August 3
Starch line 50% down on August 17
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40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yield(% of final)
Starch line (% down kernel)
95-day
105-day
Starch Line Location vs. Grain YieldStarch Line Location vs. Grain Yield
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Starch Line Location vs. Yield LossStarch Line Location vs. Yield Loss
Starch line Yield loss(% down kernel) (%)
20 38
30 2740 18
50 11
60 670 3
80 1
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0
20
40
60
80
100
226 232 239 246 252 260 266 274
%
grain
vs. cob
(dry)
Date
CobGrain
43%
57%
11%
89%
8/14 8/20 8/27 9/3 9/9 9/17 9/23 10/1
Cob vs. Grain (95Cob vs. Grain (95--Day Hybrid)Day Hybrid)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
226 232 239 246 252 260 266 274 281
%
grain
vs. cob
(dry)
Date
CobGrain
46%
54%
13%
87%
8/14 8/20 8/27 9/3 9/9 9/17 9/23 10/1 10/8
Cob vs. Grain (105Cob vs. Grain (105--Day Hybrid)Day Hybrid)
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0
15
30
45
60
75
236 250 264 278 292 306 320
Moisture(%)
Date
Cob
Grain
8/24 9/7 9/19 10/5 10/19 11/2 11/16
0.26%/day 0.33%/day
Cob & Grain Moisture (95Cob & Grain Moisture (95--Day Hybrid)Day Hybrid)
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0
15
30
45
60
75
236 250 264 278 292 306 320
Moisture(%)
Date
Cob
Grain
8/24 9/7 9/19 10/5 10/19 11/2 11/16
0.25%/day 0.42%/day
Cob & Grain Moisture (105Cob & Grain Moisture (105--Day Hybrid)Day Hybrid)
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0
15
30
45
60
236 250 264 278 292 306 320
Moisture
(%)
Date
105-day
95-day
8/24 9/7 9/19 10/5 10/19 11/2 11/16
0.25%/day 0.38%/dayAverage dry-down:
Grain DryGrain Dry--Down (95Down (95-- vs. 105vs. 105--Day Hybrids)Day Hybrids)
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0
15
30
45
60
75
236 250 264 278 292 306 320
Moisture
(%)
Date
105-day
95-day
8/24 9/7 9/19 10/5 10/19 11/2 11/16
0.37%/day 0.79%/day95-day:
105-day: 0.22%/day 0.40%/day
Cob DryCob Dry--Down (95Down (95-- vs. 105vs. 105--Day Hybrids)Day Hybrids)
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Grain filling conditions were good in southern MNin 2009.
The 105-day hybrid yielded 14% more than the
95-day hybrid. Due to more rapid grain fill at the base & middle
ear portions from
Mid-August to early September
Mid-September to October
ConclusionsConclusions from Cornfrom Corn Grain FillingGrain Filling StudyStudy
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The base & middle ear portions make up 75% oftotal yield.
All portions of the ear fill grain at a similar rate.
Kernel starch line correlates well with yieldaccumulation.
This was consistent among hybrids.
11% yield loss with freeze at 50% starch line.
ConclusionsConclusions from Cornfrom Corn Grain FillingGrain Filling StudyStudy
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Cobs dry slower than grain until the grain reachesmaturity.
Cobs are 2/3 times wetter than grain, and thus
can slow grain drying and promote mold if corn isfroze before mature.
Starting in mid-September
1) Grain from 95- and 105-day hybrids dried at a similarrate.
2) Cobs from the 95-day hybrid dried a little faster.
ConclusionsConclusions from Cornfrom Corn Grain FillingGrain Filling StudyStudy
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extension.umn.edu/cornextension.umn.edu/corn
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