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Golden Age of Islam
The Spread of Islam – c. 620 to 750
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Golden Age of Islam
At the time, only Tang Chinamatched Muslim civilization in itsdegree of sophistication (developedto a highly complex or intricatelevel).
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Muhammad in The Sayings of Muhammad
“Acquire know ledge. I t enablethits possessor to distinquish rightfrom w rong; it ligtheth the wayto Heaven… .. it guideth us tohappiness; it sustaineth us inmisery; it is an ornamentamongst friends, an armouragainst enemies.” (p. 274)
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Golden Age of Islam – Learning
Early Islamic teaching encouraged the pursuit of all knowledge that helped to improve people’s livesArabic became an international language of scholarshipMuslims translated important worksfrom ancient Greece and EgyptHuge libraries were established in big cities like Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus
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“the ink of scientists is far more holy than the blood
of martyrs”
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Golden Age of Islam
Arab culture combined with traditionsand knowledge from a variety of landsto create a Muslim civilization that hada cosmopolitan (international) flavor.
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Golden Age of Islam: Key Cities
Key Muslim cities exhibited thiscosmopolitan sophistication.
Baghdad (Iraq)Damascus (Syria)Cordoba (Spain)Cairo (Egypt)Jerusalem (Israel)
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Golden Age of Islam
Even as the Muslim Empire began todivide during the ninth and tenthcenturies…..
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Golden Age of Islam
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Golden Age of Islam
..…scholars, artists and others from allover the Muslim world began to extendknowledge beyond the learningclassical (Greek and Roman) textsalready written.
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Abbasid rule
established the House ofWisdom in Baghdad (p. 276)
library and translation centertranslated many Greek works including those by Plato, Aristotle, Galen, and Hippocrates
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Golden Age of Islam
During the ninth century A.D., Muslimscholars translated and saved
Ptolemy’s AlmagestEuclid’s Elementsworks of Archimedes
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Almagest
Hipparchus (ancient Greek) wrote about trigonometry but because his works have been lost, mathematicians use Ptolemy's Almagest as their source for information on Hipparchus' works and ancient Greek trigonometry in general.
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Almagest
also an important source of information on ancient Greek astronomy
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Math & Astronomy
Muslims are expected to…..
pray five times a day facing Mecca at the proper times: sunrise, midday, afternoon, sunset and evening
build their mosques facing Mecca
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Math & Astronomy
…..to do this, Muslims needed todetermine the direction of Mecca from anywheredetermine the phases of the moon
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Golden Age of Islam -- Astronomy
Astronomy was important to Muslims for practical reasonsAstronomy contributed to navigationObservations of the sun and moon were used to determine prayer times and an accurate calendarLarge observatories were established and new instruments such as the astrolabe were developed
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Golden Age of Islam -- Astronomy
An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains thedifferent phases of the moon.
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Golden Age of Islam -- Math
MuslimsBorrowedthe conceptof zerofrom Indiaand developedArabic numerals
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Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
Ancient Greeks had studied chemistry before the birth of Christ.
Arabs began to study chemistry during the seventh century A.D.
“From the fourth to the twelfth centuries A.D.,the original chemical research and w riting inEurope was virtually non-ex istent.”
Introduction to the Arab World - Part IIwww.MiddleEastNews.com
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Jabir ibn Hayyan
Known to the West as Geber
Born c. 721 C.E. Died c. 815 C.E.
Born in Persia (Iran)
Sometimes referred to as the“Father of Arab chemistry”
Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
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Golden Age of Islam: Jabir
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Jabir – (Geber)Recognized the importance of experimentation
“… perform practical work and conduct experiments… [to] attain… mastery… ”
Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
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Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
JabirStudied chemical reactions, which have become the foundation of modern chemistry and chemical engineering, such as
-crystallization -solution-distillation -sublimation-calcinations -reduction
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JabirDiscovered the following substances and compounds-red oxide -bichloride of mercury-nitric acid -hydrochloric acid-sal ammonic-nitrate of silver-ammonium chloride
Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
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Golden Age of Islam: Chemistry
JabirApplied his chemical knowledge to the improvement of manufacturing processes such as
-making steel-preventing rust-engraving gold-dyeing and waterproofing cloth-tanning leather
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Golden Age of Islam -- Medicine
Muslim doctorsdiscovered thatblood moves to and from theheart.
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Golden Age of Islam -- Medicine
by 1200, Baghdad had 60 hospitalsCairo and Damascus and the Spanish cities of Granada, Seville and Cordoba all had hospitalsat this time London was just building its first hospital
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Golden Age of Islam -- Medicine
Muslim Hospitalsmedical treatment was usually far superior than in Europe Muslim hospitalsseparate wards for different diseasestrained nurses and physicians andstores of drugs and treatmentsmedical knowledge was far more advanced
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Golden Age of Islam -- Medicine
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Known to the West as Rhazes
Born 865 C.E. Died 925 C.E.
Born in Persia (Iran)
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Golden Age of Islam: Rhazes
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Rhazes studied several branches of science, philosophy, alchemy, logic, mathematics, ethics, metaphysics and music.
Many of his greatest contributions came in the field of medicine
He authored over 100 books.
Golden Age of Islam: Rhazes
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RhazesDiagnosed and treated both measles and smallpox
Golden Age of Islam: Medicine
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Rhazeswrote a medical encyclopedia titled Comprehensive Book which gathered medical knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arab and Indian sources
Golden Age of Islam: Medicine
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Rhazeshung fresh meat around his city and observed where it spoiled the slowest – built hospital there –patients would recover more quickly breathing clean air
Golden Age of Islam: Medicine
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Golden Age of Islam: AbulcasisPage from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of El Zahrawi's treatise
on surgical and medical instruments.
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Golden Age of Islam: MedicineAbu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas AlZahrawi (936–1013), (known in the West asAbulcasis)
Arab physician considered the greatest medieval surgeon from the Islamic worlddescribed by some as the father of modern surgerygreatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices
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Golden Age of Islam: Literature
Muslims also produced great works of literature. The most famous were stories of great adventure and fantasy called The Thousand and One Nights. Other famous stories like Sinbad the Sailor, Aladdin, and Ali Baba came out of this period of Muslim history.
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One Thousand and One Nights
Efforts of Scheherezade to keep her husband, King Shahryar from killing her by entertaining him with a tale a night for 1,001 nights
British translator – Richard Burton
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Sinbad the Sailor and Aladdin
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Why did the “Golden Age” end?
Religious divisions caused problems by the end of the 11th centuryConservative theologians imposed a return to orthodox beliefs and rejected ‘foreign sciences’The European crusades and attacks by the Mongols weakened the empire
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Legacy of Islam’s Golden Age“…Not only did Muslim Spain gather and preserve the
intellectual content of ancient Greek and Roman civilization, it also interpreted and expanded upon that civilization, and made a vital contribution of its own in so many fields of human endeavour - in science, astronomy, mathematics, algebra (itself an Arabic word), law, history, medicine, pharmacology, optics, agriculture, architecture, theology, music. Averroes and Avenzoor, like their counterparts Avicenna and Rhazes in the East, contributed to the study and practice of medicine in ways from which Europe benefited for centuries afterwards.
HRH, The Prince of Wales, Islam And The West
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Golden Age of Islam
Muslims made advances in other areas aswell
Art & ArchitectureCaligraphyAstronomyLiterature
Read Chapter 10, Section 3, pp. 273-279and note key advances in these areas