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EpithermalEpithermal Gold-Silver Deposits: Geochemical and Gold-Silver Deposits: Geochemical andIsotopic Vectors to Target Major Deposits - P588.Isotopic Vectors to Target Major Deposits - P588.
Case Study:Case Study: Permata Permata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Au-Ag Au-AgLode Systems, MtLode Systems, Mt Muro Muro,, Kalimantan Kalimantan, Indonesia, Indonesia
AndrewAndrew Wurst WurstCentreCentre for Ore Deposit Research for Ore Deposit Research
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Indonesian Archipelago GeologyIndonesian Archipelago Geology
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3MtMt Muro Muro Regional Geology Regional Geology
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4PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Regional Structure Regional Structure
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5PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Geology Geology
ll TheThe Permata Permata footwall and footwall and hangingwallhangingwall;;sequences were deposited on the slopes ofsequences were deposited on the slopes ofanan andesitic stratovolcano andesitic stratovolcano
PermataPermata Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai
l Hulubai hangingwall; shallowsubaqueous, sediments, hyaloclastitesbreccias, lappili tuff
ll HulubaiHulubai footwall is footwall is corellatedcorellated with withPermataPermata footwall and is deposited on the footwall and is deposited on theslopes of an slopes of an andesitic stratovolcanoandesitic stratovolcano
ll Batu Badinding hangingwallBatu Badinding hangingwall; shallow; shallowsubaqueoussubaqueous. sediments,. sediments, lappili lappili tuff, tuff,amygdaloidalamygdaloidal basalt basalt
ll Batu BadindingBatu Badinding footwall; sub-aerial to footwall; sub-aerial tosub-aqueous, deposited in a valley typesub-aqueous, deposited in a valley typeenvironmentenvironment
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6Regional StructureRegional Structure
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7Permata-Batu Badinding-Hulubai Regional StructurePermata-Batu Badinding-Hulubai Regional Structure
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8Riedel’sRiedel’s Clay Model Experiment Clay Model Experiment
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9PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--Hulubai Hulubai KinematicsKinematics
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10Summary ofSummary of Permata Permata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubaiStructural DevelopmentStructural Development
••PBH represents a series ofPBH represents a series of dilational dilational structures developed structures developedin basin fill volcanic cover over a competent basement.in basin fill volcanic cover over a competent basement.
••Progressive movement on basement structures has givenProgressive movement on basement structures has givenrise to the progressive development ofrise to the progressive development of dilatant dilatant cover coverstructures.structures.
••Is this reflected in the evolution of theIs this reflected in the evolution of the hydrothermal hydrothermalsystem?system?
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein Paragenesis
StageStage 1Stage 1:Stage 1: Jasperoid Jasperoid Veins Veins
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 20° openings in 20° openingsdipping to the westdipping to the west
ll BrecciasBreccias and fine and finegrained,grained, colloform colloform and andcrustiformcrustiform textures textures
ll Quartz-hematite veinQuartz-hematite veinmineralogymineralogy
ll Intensely (Intensely (illiteillite--adulariaadularia))alteredaltered wallrock wallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein Paragenesis
Stage 2: Chalcedony VeinsStage 2: Chalcedony Veins StageStage 2
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 165° - 210° in 165° - 210°openings dipping to theopenings dipping to thewestwest
ll Fine grained,Fine grained, breccias breccias,,crustiformcrustiform and andcolloformcolloform textures textures
ll Quartz-(pyrite) veinQuartz-(pyrite) veinmineralogymineralogy
ll Intensely (Intensely (illiteillite--adulariaadularia--pyrite) alteredpyrite) altered wallrock wallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein Paragenesis
Stage 3Stage 3Stage 3: Ore VeinsStage 3: Ore Veins
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 165° - 210° in 165° - 210°openings dipping to theopenings dipping to thewest and eastwest and east
ll Fine grained, Fine grained, crustiformcrustiform,,colloformcolloform and cockade and cockadetexturestextures
ll Quartz-Quartz-sulphosaltsulphosalt--sulphidesulphide-precious metal--precious metal-adulariaadularia vein mineralogy vein mineralogy
ll Intensely (Intensely (illiteillite--adulariaadularia--pyrite) alteredpyrite) altered wallrock wallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein ParagenesisStage 4Stage 4Stage 4: Ore VeinsStage 4: Ore Veins
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 165° - 210° in 165° - 210°openings dipping to theopenings dipping to thewest and eastwest and east
ll Fine grained.,Fine grained., crustiform crustiform,,colloformcolloform and cockade and cockadetexturestextures
ll Quartz-Quartz-sulphosaltsulphosalt--sulphidesulphide-precious metals--precious metals-adulariaadularia vein mineralogy vein mineralogy(increased base metals)(increased base metals)
ll Intensely (Intensely (illiteillite--adulariaadularia--pyrite) alteredpyrite) altered wallrock wallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein ParagenesisStage 5Stage 5Stage 5: Amethyst VeinsStage 5: Amethyst Veins
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 165° - 210 ° in 165° - 210 °and 120° openings and 120° openings infillinginfillingcavitiescavities
ll Coarse grained openCoarse grained opendogtoothdogtooth,, crustiform crustiform,,colloformcolloform and cockade and cockadetexturestextures
ll Amethyst and clear-whiteAmethyst and clear-whitequartz vein mineralogyquartz vein mineralogy
ll Weakly alteredWeakly altered(background chlorite-(background chlorite-epidoteepidote-pyrite) altered-pyrite) alteredwallrockwallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Paragenesis Vein ParagenesisStage 6Stage 6Stage 6: Carbonate VeinsStage 6: Carbonate Veins
ll EmplacedEmplaced in 165° - 210 ° in 165° - 210 °and 60°-85° openingsand 60°-85° openings
ll Fine grained, Fine grained, crustiformcrustiform,,colloformcolloform and cockade and cockadetexturestextures
ll Deep Calcite and shallowDeep Calcite and shallowmanganoanmanganoan calcite veins calcite veins
ll Shallow veins have weaklyShallow veins have weakly(background chlorite-(background chlorite-epidoteepidote) altered ) altered wallrockwallrock
ll Deep veins associated withDeep veins associated withintense (Mg chlorite)intense (Mg chlorite)altered altered wallrockwallrock
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PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Mineralogy Vein Mineralogy
Vein Mineral ParagenesisVein Mineral Paragenesis
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18PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N 12 000N
Cross section across line 12 000N metal, mineral andCross section across line 12 000N metal, mineral andalteration distribution.alteration distribution.
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19PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Geology 12 000N: Geology
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20PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Zinc 12 000N: Zinc
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21PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Lead 12 000N: Lead
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22PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Copper 12 000N: Copper
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23PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Silver 12 000N: Silver
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24PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Gold 12 000N: Gold
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25PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: 12 000N: Metallogeny Metallogeny
AuAuGeologyGeology
CuCu PbPb ZnZn
AgAg
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26PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Carbonate 12 000N: Carbonate
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27Origin of Massive Calcite Veins, Golden CrossOrigin of Massive Calcite Veins, Golden Cross
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28PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Alteration 12 000N: Alteration
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29PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai 12 000N: Fluid Flow 12 000N: Fluid Flow
GeologyGeology
AuAuZnZnCarbonateCarbonate
AlterationAlteration
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30Boiling EffectsBoiling Effects
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31Buchanan Model (1981)Buchanan Model (1981)
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ConclusionsConclusions
•• A constantly evolving system in four dimensions; A constantly evolving system in four dimensions;structurally and structurally and hydrothermallyhydrothermally
•• Volcanics Volcanics and sediments deposited in basins developed and sediments deposited in basins developedover basement shear structuresover basement shear structures
•• Vein paragenesis reflects the geochemical and Vein paragenesis reflects the geochemical andstructural evolution of thestructural evolution of the hydrothermal hydrothermal system system
•• Progressive movement on basement structures facilitatedProgressive movement on basement structures facilitatedthe development of the development of ReidelReidel style tensional veins style tensional veins
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•• One main fluid One main fluid upflow upflow structure with a large fluid recharge structure with a large fluid rechargeareaarea
•• Late carbonate represents draw down of fluid due to Late carbonate represents draw down of fluid due toventuriventuri effects and/or the waning of the effects and/or the waning of the hydrothermalhydrothermalsystemsystem
ConclusionsConclusions
••Progressive opening of the structure focuses fluid flow andProgressive opening of the structure focuses fluid flow andmaintainsmaintains the open conduit the open conduit
•• Recharge and collapse areas are represented by Recharge and collapse areas are represented by phengitephengiteand carbonate alterationand carbonate alteration
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•• Vein paragenesis gives an insight into the maturity of theVein paragenesis gives an insight into the maturity of thehydrothermalhydrothermal system system
ImplicationsImplications
•• Transverse shear structures in basement can give rise to dilatory Transverse shear structures in basement can give rise to dilatorystructures in cover sequencesstructures in cover sequences
•• Basin areas had a significant amount of water associated with them Basin areas had a significant amount of water associated with them
•• Areas of carbonate veining and alteration represent the footprint Areas of carbonate veining and alteration represent the footprintrecharge area of arecharge area of a hydrothermal hydrothermal system system
•• Fluid is drawn along and alters more permeable or reactive layers Fluid is drawn along and alters more permeable or reactive layersproviding a vector to major providing a vector to major upflowupflow structures structures
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Future workFuture work
•• Oxygen and carbon isotopes on vein stages at Oxygen and carbon isotopes on vein stages at Kerikil Kerikil and PBH and PBH- Carbonate veins- Carbonate veins- Quartz veins- Quartz veins
(fluid inclusions will provide temperature constraints)(fluid inclusions will provide temperature constraints)
•• Oxygen isotopes on alteration assemblages at Oxygen isotopes on alteration assemblages at Kerikil Kerikil and PBH and PBH
•• PBH andPBH and Kerikil Kerikil wallrock lithogeochemistrywallrock lithogeochemistry
•• Mineral chemistry of alteration minerals such as chlorite andMineral chemistry of alteration minerals such as chlorite andcarbonatecarbonate
•• Possible fluid flow and chemical modeling Possible fluid flow and chemical modeling
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
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ExtrasExtras
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V e i n S t a g e S T A G E 1 S T A G E 2 S T A G E 3 S T A G E 4 S T A G E 5 S T A G E 6 T y p e J a s p e r o i d -
q u a r t z C r y p t o -c r y s t a l i n e q u a r t z
P r e c i o u s m e t a l- s u l p h o s a l t - c r y p t o -c r y s t a l i n e q u a r t z
P r e c i o u s m e t a l-b a s e m e t a l- S u l p h o s a l t - q u a r t z
A m e t h y s t - q u a r t z C a l c i t e - q u a r t z
A g e E a r l i e s t ⇒⇒ D e c r e a s i n g A g e ⇒⇒ S t r u c t u r a l O r i e n t a t i o n
N N E N N E -S S E N N E - S S E N N E - S S E a n d N W N N E - S S W a n d N W N N E , S S W a n d N E
M o v e m e n t I n i t i a l o p e n i n g o f t i g h t R o a n d R 1 f r a c t u r e s ⇒⇒ P r o g r e s s i v e s t r a i n a n d o p e n i n g o f t e n s i o n a l f r a c t u r e s ⇒⇒ L a t e d o m i n o f a u l t s ,
V e i n T e x t u r e s B r e c c i a t e d v e i n w a l l r o c k s . V e i n s e x h i b i t f i n e i n t e r n a l b a n d i n g a n d c r u s t i f o r m g r o w t h
B r e c c i a t e d v e i n w a l l r o c k s a n d e a r l i e r x p t o c r y s t a l i n e v e i n s V e i n s e x h i b i t f i n e i n t e r n a l b a n d i n g a n d c r u s t i f o r m , c o l l o f o r m a n d c o c k a d e g r o w t h
V e i n s e x h i b i t f i n e i n t e r n a l b a n d i n g o f q u a r t z a n d s u l p h o s a l t s a n d c r u s t i f o r m , c o l l o f o r m a n d c o c k a d e g r o w t h
V e i n s e x h i b i t f i n e i n t e r n a l b a n d i n g o f q u a r t z a n d s u l p h o s a l t s l a t e c o a r s e g r a i n e d b a s e m e t a l s a n d c r u s t i f o r m , c o l l o f o r m a n d c o c k a d e g r o w t h
L a t e c o a r s e g r a i n e d d o g s t o o t h a m e t h y s t e x h i b i t i n g c r u s t i f o r m , c o l l o f o r m a n d c o c k a d e g r o w t h
I n f i l l i n g e a r l i e r v u g g y s p a c e s i n a m e t h y s t e e x h i b i t i n g c r u s t i f o r m g r o w t h
V e i n S t y l e T i g h t , f i n e t o m a s s i v e c r y s t a l l i n e ⇒⇒ I n c r e a s e d g r a i n s i z e a n d d i l a t i o n ⇒⇒ O p e n , c o a r s e g r a i n e d c r y s t a l i n e
Q u a r t z G r o w t h
F i n e c r y s t a l i n e q u a r t z w i t h h e a m a t i t e d u s t i n g
F i n e c r o s s h a t c h e d q u a r t z c r y s t a l s g r a i n s i z e v a r y i n g w i t h l i g h t a n d d a r k b a n d s .
P l u m o s e a n d g h o s t t e x t u r e s
P l u m o s e a n d g h o s t t e x t u r e s , i n c r e a s i n g l y c o a r s e r g r a i n e d w i t h g r o w t h i n c l u s i o n t r a i l s
D o g s t o o t h q u a r t z w i t h P l u m o s e a n d g h o s t t e x t u r e s , c o a r s e g r a i n e d w i t h g r o w t h i n c l u s i o n t r a i l s
D o g s t o o t h q u a r t z w i t h P l u m o s e a n d g h o s t t e x t u r e s , c o a r s e g r a i n e d w i t h g r o w t h i n c l u s i o n t r a i l s
M i n e r a l o g y Q u a r t z -h e a m a t i t e
Q u a r t z - p y r i t e Q u a r t z , p y r i t e , A g t e l l u r i d e s , A g s u l p h o s a l t -e l e c t r u m -s p h a l e r i t e - g a l e n a -c h a l c o p y r i t e
Q u a r t z , p y r i t e , A g s u l p h o s a l t , e l e c t r u m , s p h a l e r i t e , g a l e n a , c h a l c o p y r i t e
A m e t h y s t i n e a n d b u c k y w h i t e q u a r t z
C a l c i t e a n d c l e a r w h i t e q u a r t z
A l t e r a t i o n I n t e n s e l y a r g i l l i c a l l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s
I n t e n s e l y a r g il l i c a l l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s
I n t e n s e l y a r g i l l i c a l l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s
I n t e n s e l y a r g i l l i c a l l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s
M o d e r a t e l y t o w e a k l y p r o p y l i t c a l l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s
W e a k l y a l t e r e d w a l l r o c k s .
F l u i d F l o w H i g h r a t e o f t u r b u l e n t h y d r o t h e r m a l u p f l o w , f a s t d e p o s i t i o n
H i g h r a t e o f t u r b u l e n t h y d r o t h e r m a l u p f l o w , f a s t d e p o s i t i o n
H i g h r a t e o f t u r b u l e n t h y d r o t h e r m a l u p f l o w , f a s t d e p o s i t i o n
H i g h a n d m o d e r a t e r a t e o f h y d r o t h e r m a l u p f l o w a n d f a s t a n d s l o w d e p o s i t i o n
M o d e r a t e r a t e o f h y d r o t h e r m a l u p f l o w a n d s l o w d e p o s i t i o n
C o l l a p s e o f h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m w i t h s l o w d e p o s i t i o n
E n v i r o n m e n t T i g h t h i g h T i g h t h i g h R h y t h m i c o p e n i n g R h y t h m i c o p e n i n g O p e n l o w t e m p , O p e n l o w
PermataPermata--Batu BadindingBatu Badinding--HulubaiHulubai Vein Evolution Vein Evolution