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Chapter 1
The meaning, scope andmeasurement of travel and
tourism
Giovanna Nigro
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Travel was born with the history of
manPurposes
Survival
Trade
Religion
Economic gain War
Migration
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In the Roman period
Travel pleasure
Seaside resorts developed
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Mass tourism began in England during the
Industrial revolution due to
The rise of
the middle
class
Cheap and relatively quick
means of transport
The 50s were marked
by a rapid growth of the
airline system leading to
The development
of a major new
industry
Provide new
new
employment
opportunities
Earn foreign
exchange
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The total tourism industry has
grown as a service industry
According to the World Travel and
Tourism Council travel and tourism is the
largest industry in the world in economic,
employment and tax contributions
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Actually, there is no universal definition
of the words tourist and tourism
Travel research requires a standard
definition to establish parameters for
research content
Standard definitions are useful to measure
tourism as an economic activity and tomeasure its impact on the local, state,
national or world economy
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The United Nation convened a conference on
Trade and Development which issues
guidelines for tourism statistics
Accurate statistical measurement of travel
and tourism are useful
- To assess its economic impacts
- To plan new tourist facilities
- To provide helpful marketing information
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Two different types of tourism
definitions
a) Conceptual: provides a theoretical framework
to identify the essential characteristics of toursim
An example is provide by Mathieson & Wall (1982)Tourism is the temporary movement of people
to destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities undertaking
during their stay in those destinations, and the
facilities created to cater to their needs
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b) Technical: provides data for statistical or
legislative purposes, provides a common
basis by which to collect data.
Technical definitions are characterized by 5
main elements
Purpose of trip
Distance travelled
Duration of the trip
Residence of
traveller
Mode of
transportation
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Purpose - pleasure
Business business tourism
Religion religion tourism
Culture cultural tourism Ecology eco-tourism
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Distance
In official estimates of tourism, distanaces
vary from 0 to 100 miles
Duration Most definitions of tourists include at least
one overnight
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Residence of traveller
Type of location
Mode of transportation Means of transport used to reach a
destination
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Need of a standard definition to be
adopted universally in order to measure
the wide phenomenon of tourism
1936. The Committee of Statistical Experts of the
League of Nations
a foreign tourist is one who visits a country other
than that in which he habitually lives for a period
of at least twenty-four hours
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1936. The WTO introduced the word visitor
including two different categories of
travellers
a) tourists: temporary visitors staying at leasttwenty-four hours in the country visited, and
whose purpose was for leisure, business, family,mission or meeting
b) excursionists: temporary visitors staying less
than twenty-four hours in the destination visited
and not staying overnight
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Even if the WTO and the UN tried to
create a uniform definition and a
uniform basis to collect standardizedtourism data, not all countries adhere
to standard definitions
C A U S I N G
The incomparability of tourism statistics
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Chapter 3
There s no business like old business:
tourism, the nostalgia industry of thefuture
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Today, tourism looks backwards, tries
to capture the past which is far better
and superior to the chaotic present and
uncertain future.
The past, with its history and genuine
traditions, is seen as an improvement
on the present
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Present is described as chaotic,
stressing and is opposed to a fairy-tale, relaxing past where the tourist
feels free to forget his daily routine
Nostalgia relates to and is rounded in
dissatisfaction with current socialarrangements
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In Britain there is a massive revivalin preserving the past . Coal
mining, cotton spinning and steam
engines have changed theirmeaning becoming the heritage
industry
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The theme of nostalgia and the return
to the past are developed through
a role inversion between the tourist, the
common man, and the famous person, so
that the tourist feels a king or a queen for
a day
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However, contemporary society
tends to obliterate divisions based onclass, gender and race.
For this REASON, it is necessaryto look back at a period where thedistinctions between lord and serf
were most pronounced
IT IS THE REALM OF THE PAST
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In HOTELS the atmosphere of the past is
well visible in the
Old fashioned furniture
Marble floors and bathrooms
Waiters dressed with traditional clothes A lot of pages of history
Silver services
Paintings and black and white pictures ofwealthy families of days gone by
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MUSEUMS COLLECTIONS OF
PAST TIMES
Everywhere and everything from the past
may be conserved, making it a spectacle,
a show. Museums become an emporium retailing
nostalgia, allowing the tourist to buy
souvenirs or memories from the past. There are specialized museums focusing
on one single character: a musician, a
writer, a poet.
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To sum up, in Urrys words, the
past has come to be much morehighly valued in comparison with
both the present and the future
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MACABRE SITES
Even if it sounds surprising, macabre sites attract alot of tourists
WHY DOES THE MACABRE ATTRACT?
The idea and feeling of nostalgia, around which thetourism industry builds marketing strategies, filtersout unpleasant experiences by first of all
concentrating upon them and then recognizing themas safe, dead and past.
ACTUALLY, THE TOURIST INDUSTRY SELLS
NOSTALGIA
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The past, the INDUSTRIAL past is
revalued for tourist and economicpurposes
Industrial sites and machinery are de-industrialized, they lose their gloomy
aspects to become sceneries or objects in
a museum.
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LANGUAGE
Nostalgia is not simply an antiquarian
feeling but also a matter of language
The nostalgia discourse builds a kind of
bridge between a glorious past and a
stunning future skipping the boring present
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The tourism industry aims at selling the
past to the future
In this way, tourists are encouraged to fillthe void of the present by identifying
themselves with the product, with the
holiday
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