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Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power : R&D and Commercial
5th November, 2012
Dr. B. Bhargava
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Solar Photovoltaic Energy
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Solar Cells : Technology Options
Crystalline Silicon solar cells- Single, Multi, Ribbon
Thin Film solar cells- Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS
Concentrating solar cells- Si, GaAs
Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells
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Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World
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HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD)TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. GROUP SQ. CM. %Si SINGLE CRYSTAL 4.00 24.7 UNSW Si MULTI CRYSTAL 1.00 20.3 FhG-ISEa-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.7 SANYOa-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION 0.27 13.5 USSCa-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si) 1.20 10.1 KanekaCdTe 1.00 17.3 First
SolarCIGS 1.00 19.6 NRELSi FILMS 4.01 16.6 Stuttgart
UniversityDYE 1.00 11.0 SharpOrganic 1.0 10.0 MitsubishiGaAs (500 x) 0.4 40.7 SPECTROLABSi/GaAs (20 x) 0.4 42.8 Delaware Univ,
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TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. Group SQ. CM. %
SINGLE CRYSTAL 64.00 19.7 CEL MULTI CRYSTAL 100.00 16.8 Tata BP a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.0 IACS a-Si MULTI JUNCTION 1.00 11.5 IACS a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si) 1.00 9.0 IACS CdTe 1.00 12.0 NPL CIGS 0.41 13.0 IISC Si FILMS 0.98 8.7 JadavpurDye Sensitized 1.00 9.5 Amrita Organic cells 1.00 6.2 NPL
Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India
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Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency
TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN
SINGLE CRYSTAL 15 – 20.4 % 14 – 17 %
MULTI CRYSTAL 13 – 16% 13 – 16%
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World PV Production Growth
GW
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World PV Market and Production: 2011
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World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011
3
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
LDK
Sharp
Suntech
First Solar
JA Solar
Canadian
Trina
Yangli
Hanwah
Jinko
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
GW
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World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers
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LocationCapacity
MWpTechnolog
yPerovo. Ukraine 100 c-siSarnia, Canada 92 CdTe Montalto di Castro, Italy 84 c-SiFinsterwalde, Germany 83 c-Si Ohotnikovo, Ukraine 80 c-SiSenftenberg, Germany 78 c-Si Lieberose, Germany 71 CdTe Rovigo, Italy 70 c-SiOlmedilla de Alarcón, Spain 60 c-Si Boulder City, USA 55 CdTe
World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011
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Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011
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Solar for India Most parts of India
receive good solar radiation 4- 7 kWh/sq. m/day
Possible to meet growing energy demands and cover deficit areas
Can substantially reduce consumption of kerosene and diesel for lighting and power generation
Provide access and empowerment at grass root level
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Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of
the major global initiatives in promotion of solar energy technologies, announced by the Government of India under National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022 through
- Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and deployment of solar technologies across the country at a scale which leads to cost reduction
- R&D - Local manufacturing and support
infrastructure
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JNNSM Road MapApplication segment Target for
Phase I (2010-13)
Cumulative Target for
Phase 2 (2013-17)
Cumulative Target for
Phase 3 (2017-22)
Grid solar power incl. roof top & distribution grid connected plants
1,000 MW
100 MW
4,000 MW10,000 MW
20,000 MW
Off-grid solar applications
200 MW
1,000 MW 2,000 MW
Solar collectors 7 million sq
meters
15 million sq
meters
20 million sq meters
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JNNSM Strategy Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs come down and thereafter rapid scale up
Consultative process to finalize the guidelines
Enabling policy and regulatory frame work
Supporting Utility scale power generation
Expanding off-grid applications
Accelerating Research and Development
Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base
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Fiscal Incentives
100% Foreign Direct Investment Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells,
modules and many raw materials and grid power projects
5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials, components
Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward and specified areas; and (ii) grid power projects
80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certain capital investments
Grant for carrying out research and development and technology validation projects
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20 23 36 45 65 80135
240
300
600
20 22 25 32 37 45
110
175
240
320
2001-022002-03
2003-042004-05
2005-062006-07
2007-082008-09
2009-102010-11
Year
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Pro
du
ctio
n in
MW
SolarCell
PVModule
Growth in Indian PV Production
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Indian PV Industry More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8
GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012)
- 15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed capacity)
Manufacturing of various raw materials, components, devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon, wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid BoS, structures etc.)
Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020
20
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Status of PV in India
Lights90
Pumps14
Off grid Plants62
Grid Plants1044
Railways55
Telecom65
Others270
Int Projects1000
2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS 30/09/2012
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Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India
1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projects commissioned by September, 2012 in 16 States
22
Gujarat680
Rajasthan199
A. P.22
Maharashtra20
Jharkhand16
T. N.15
Karnataka14
Others80
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PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends
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Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017
PV Module : < Rs. 30 per Wp
BoS : < Rs. 25 per Wp
Cost of Electricity : ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh
24
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Projection for Grid Parity in India
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R&D Strategy Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on
materials and devices with long-term perspective
Applied Research on existing processes and developing new technologies
Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation of materials, components and systems
Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects of Solar Energy in research and education & Testing and Characterization
Support for Incubation and Innovation
International collaborations – institutional/industrial
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R&D in PV- Focus on development of materials, devices and BOS including
storage materials and methods- Identify research goals and thrust areas of research - Support research across the entire value chain - Involve industry in research and technology validation projects- The outcome of the research should lead to (i) improvements
in the efficiencies, (ii) reduction in the material and energy consumption in manufacturing, (iii) improving the reliability, quality and life expectancy of the balance of system components.
This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017
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Recent Initiatives in PV R&DDevelopment of poly silicon material (Maharishi
Solar)20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-
Mumbai)10 – 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film
modules(IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES University,-Howrah)
12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT University)
10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre, IIT-Kanpur)
6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IIT-Delhi, Delhi University)
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Recent Initiatives in PV R&DLong term performance evaluation and training facility
for Grid Solar PV Power at KPCL, Bangalore Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar
lights at TERI University, New Delhi
Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC
Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC)
Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)
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Solar Energy Centre
Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the lead Centre for testing and training in solar energy in the country
SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification as per Indian and International standards
SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels
SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solar energy
Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications including setting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validation facility at SEC is under progress
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Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC
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Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production (R&D)
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012 2017 2022
Single Crystal silicon solar cell
15 – 17% (19.7%)
18 (20) 22(24) 24 (26)
Multi Crystal silicon solar cell
14.5 – 16.5% (16.8%)
17 20(22) 22 (24)
Thin-film a-Si solar cell (Single/multi jn)
5 – 7%
(9 – 12%)
8 (13) 10 (14) 12 (15)
Thin-film a-Si/mc Si or nc tandem solar cell
(11%) 9(12) 13 (16) 16 (20)
Polycrystalline solar cell
Cd Te (12%)
CIGS (13%)
13 (16) 18 (22)
(15) 15(20) 20(25)
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Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production (R&D)
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012 2017 2022
Dye/ organic nano based solar cell
(3-9.5%) (5 -12) 7-9 (15) 12-15 (20)
Multi junction Conc solar cell GaAS group
-- 35(40) 40 (43)
Conc Cells Si - 25 (28) 27 (30)
Module Life
in years
25 25 > 30 > 35
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ConclusionsIndian policies have created investment
friendly environment in the country for entire range of activities announced under the Mission
India centric R&D and local manufacturing necessary to reduce the cost to achieve grid parity preferably by 2015-17
Partnerships necessary with global stakeholders
India to be a major global player in PV technology