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TableOfContents
• L.M:Intro,Rituals,SacredAnimals,Myths,Conclusion,Bibliography.
• M.R:Intro,Culture,Government,EnvironmentalCondiEons,Geography,Conclusion,Bibliography.
• C.A:Intro,RulersinEgypt,Intro,SocialClasses,Intro,Math/Science/Technology,Bibliography.. L.M
IntroducEontotheEgypEanReligion
• EgypEansareknownfortheiruniqueculture.Theirtemples,FesEvals,deserts,myths,andotherthingsthatnoothercountryhas.
• CommonEgypEanritualsknownaroundtheworldaremummificaEonandtheburying.
• ReligionpracEcallycontrolsthewholeEgypEanculturebecauseofitsimportance.
• EgypEanreligionisn’tactuallya‘religion’,butactuallyavariaEonofdifferentyetsamereligionsinteracEng.
• EgypEangodsareusuallyhalfhumanandhalfanimal,usuallysacred.
• Pharaohs,EgypEanKings,arethoughttobegodwhileMesopotamiaKingsrepresentgod.
• Suchsacredanimals,suchasbulls,cats,andcrocodiles,areanimalsyouseealotinEgypttoday.
• EgypEangodsarelikesuperman,immortalwithsuperiorpowercomparedtohumans.
• EgypEansbelieveintheaQerlifeandarepolytheisEc,whichmeanstheybelievemorethanonegod.
• Therearemorethan200godsandgoddesses.
• TheyworshipmanydeiEes.
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EgypEanRituals• Likehumans,godsneedtoeat,drink,andbeclothed(whichreally
isn’taneed).Theyalsoneedtobepurifiedinordertosupporttheirstrength.Thisisprovidedthroughrituals.
• Intemples,therearestatuesofaspecificgod,usuallythegodthatrepresentsthatcity.Theyaretobewashed,perfumed,anddressedinclotheswithoccasionaljewelrydaily.
• SomeregionshavefesEvalsonaannualbasis,andsomearesomefamousand/orimportant,itaWractedpeoplefromfarawayland(touristaWracEon)
• AnotherritualthatearlyEgypEansarefamousofismummificaEon,whereadeceasedperson’sbodyisembalmedinclothingaQerseveralprocedures.
• MummificaEonProcedures:1. RightaQerthepersondies,thepriestssayprayersoverthebody,
thenperformsalastaWempttorevivethatperson.2. Bodyisthenpurified,thentakentoanembalmer’sworkshopwhere
alltheorganswouldberemovedandstoredincanopicjars,thenthebodywouldbepackedwithnatron,atypeofsalt.
3. Thebody,aQer40daysofpreservaEon,isthenmummified,wrappedinbandages.
4. ThechiefembalmerwouldworeajackalmasktorepresentAnubis,whoisthegodofmummificaEon,protectoroftombs.
5. ItemsthatareusableintheaQerlifewouldbeputinthetombalongsideofthemummy,thenthe“openofthemouth”ritualwasperformed,whereitgivesthedeadtheabilitytospeak,eat,andusetheirbodyevenaQerdeath.
• Templesweredwellingplacesforgods.• Thepriest’sdutywastocareandaWendtothegod’sneeds,funeral
rites,teachingschools,supervisingthearEstsandworks,andadvisingpeoplewiththeirproblems.
• EgypEansthoughtdeathisastageinaprogresstoabeWerlifeinthenextworld.
• YoucouldonlyreachfullpotenEalaQerdeath.
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SacredAnimals• WorshipinganimalsarealargepartoftheEgypEandailylife
andculturebecauseanimalsaretheclosestcontactwiththedeiEes.
• Themostfamousandpopularanimal,isthecat,thesacredandrespectedbeast.TheyarealsoaintegralpartoftheancientEgypEanfamilylife.
• MafdetisthefirstEgypEanfelinedeity,Bastetisthemostfamouscatgoddess,andSekhmet,aferociouslioness‐goddess,counterpartofthegentlecat‐goddessBastet.
• BastethastherolesofferElity,toprotectthechildrenandcats.
• SekhmetisthegoddessofdestrucEveforce,thereforeSekhmetandBastetbalanceeachotherout.
• BubasEs,atomb/cemeteryforcats,containthemummifiedremainsofover30,000householdandwildcats.
• Whenthecatdies,theownersshavetheireyebrowsingrief.
• Catswereprotectedbygodsandthelaw.
• PersiancollectedasmanycatstheycanstealinEgypt,thenduringbaWlewiththeEgypEans,releasedthenintothebaWlefield.Egyptquicklysurrenderedsotonotharmthecats.
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EgypEanMyths• EgypEansalsohadmyths,liketheGreeks.Oneforeach
god.
• ThemostfamousmythisthemainmythwhichisaboutOsiris,Isis,andHoruswherethemurderandrebirthofOsirisandhisson,Horustakingrevenge.
• ThemythwasaboutthecycleofnatureanditsferElity,ittellsabouttheunityofEgyptandworksasanexplanaEonofsacredkingship.
• The2chiefgodswereAmen‐RaandOsiris.• Osirisisthegodoftheunderworld.
• Amen‐RaistheancientEgypEansungod;supremegodoftheuniverse,andAmenandRawerecombinedduringprincipaldeity;Thebansupremacy.
• Therearemanytalesofhowtheworldbegan.• Thereisonelegendabouthowgodemergedfroma
sacredbluelotusthatgrewoutofmud.Anotherabouthowgodappearedasascarabbeetleonaeasternhorizon.
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Conclusion• AncientEgypEandailylife/culturewascenteredaroundtheirreligionasyouhaveseenintheslides.• EgypEanMythsarelikecopiesoftheGreekMyths,thedrama,thehumanfeatures,thepower.
• Religiousviewsofthingscangivedisadvantagesandweaknesses.
• MostritualslikeprayingaresupposedtobedoneeverydayandareveryimportanttoEgypEanculture.Ritualstakeupatleast10%ofeverybody’sdailyschedule.
L.M.
Bibliography• Carr,Karen."EgypEanReligion”Kidipede‐HistoryforKids.2007.November16,2008.hWp://www.historyforkids.org/learn/egypt/religion/.• “AncientEgypEanReligion”St.PetersburgTimes.1999.November16,2008.hWp://www2.spEmes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.3.html• Beck,RogerB.Black,Linda.Naylor,PhillipC.Shabaka,DahiaIbo.“PyramidsontheNile”WorldHistory;PaWernsofInteracEon.1999.November16,
2008• Jonsson,K.M.“HistoryoftheEgypEanReligionPartI”AncientEgypEanReligion,History,CultureofAncientEgypt.1998.November16,2008.
hWp://www.philae.nu/akhet/history1.html• Kjeilen,Tore.“AncientEgypt/Religion”LookLexEncyclopedia.1996.November17,2008.hWp://lexicorient.com/e.o/egypt_rl.htm• Ruiz,Ana.“CatsinAncientEgypt”TheSpiritofAncientEgypt.NY,AlgoraPublishing2001.
hWp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/religion/cats.html• “egypEan_statue_bast_cat_black_mini_02”
hWp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=hWp://www.magictails.com/abydos/images/egypEan_statues/large/egypEan_statue_bast_cat_black_mini_02.jpg&imgrefurl=hWp://www.magictails.com/abydos/egypEan_statues/egypEan_statues_bast_01.html&usg=__xm227vO3lliEzSAXlwrPO_dV0B4=&h=550&w=292&sz=30&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=Rq_gQ3t874kzGM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=71&prev=/images%3Fq%3Degypt%2Breligion%2Bcat%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
• “Egypt”hWp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=hWp://www.tamut.edu/academics/mperri/images/egypt.JPG&imgrefurl=hWp://www.tamut.edu/academics/mperri/AnWld/AncientWorld.htm&usg=__FPvZF6ctmKjYZ6u6XMPumJwRSBc=&h=704&w=890&sz=955&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=jRbp66GOawmveM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=146&prev=/images%3Fq%3Degypt%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
• “Egypt_Through_Other_Eyes_Sig_335”hWp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=hWp://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibiEons/egypt_through_other_eyes/images/Egypt_Through_Other_Eyes_Sig_335.jpg&imgrefurl=hWp://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibiEons/egypt_through_other_eyes/&usg=__0d8p9IuvFEX4_kQZUYnbQ48s5IU=&h=449&w=335&sz=250&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=DEpolpsEXV3hM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Degypt%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
• “djed‐2”hWp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=hWp://www.enterprisemission.com/images/osiris‐2.jpg&imgrefurl=hWp://www.enterprisemission.com/tombsweb5.html&usg=__0lqiT‐X9E7rqEIp6uVioaYml2nA=&h=223&w=320&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=0Y2RkbfILhTYwM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dosiris%2Bmyth%26imgsz%3Dsmall%257Cmedium%257Clarge%257Cxlarge%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
L.M.
EGYPT
AncientEgypt’sculture,government,geographyandenvironmentalcondiEons
makeEgyptwhatitistoday.
M.R.
CulturalDiffusion
• Egyptadaptedtheircultureonthereown.Someoftheirneighboringcountries,however,contributedtotheircultureinsomeways.
• EgypthadastronginteracEonwiththeMiddleEast.Nubiansgavethemgold,ivoryandothermaterials.
• BabylonianculturesweresimilartoEgypt'sbeingthattheywereinthesamegeographicalregion.
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Government
• EgypEansweremainlyruledbyPharaohs.PharaohsweresaidtohavereceivedtheirauthorityfromtheGods.
• PharaohshadtworolesinEgypEansociety.Theywerethekingsaswellaspriests.
• PoliEcallyspeaking,pharaohshadtocommandarmiesandseWlelegaldisputes.
• Whenitcametoreligion,pharaohswereexpectedtoleadthesacredritualsofallthetemplesofEgypt.
• Egyptwasknownasatheocracy.Onlythepharaoh’sadvisorswereworthyenoughtoobeyhiscommands.
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EnvironmentalCondiEons
• Egypt’senvironmentalcondiEonswerebasedaroundtheNileRiver.
• TheNileRiverwasEgypt’smainwatersourceandeverysooQenitwouldflood.
• ThefloodingoftheNilewasgoodforfarmingpurposes,butsomeEmestheriveroverflowedcausingittodestroypartsoftheEgypEancivilizaEon.
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Geography• Egyptisalmostalldesert.
• TheNileisit’smainriver.• Egyptwasdividedintotwolands,
theRedlandandtheBlackland.
• TheBlacklandwaswheretheferElesiltwasformedwhentheNileflooded.
• TheRedlandwaswheretheBarrenDesertwaslocated.
• TheBarrenDesertprotectedEgyptagainstinvadingciEesandalsogavethemstonesandmetal.
TheNileRiver
TheBarrenDesert
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ConclusionTherefore,allofthesefactorshavecontributedtoEgypt.It’sculturehasdefinitelybeenaffectedbyit’sgeography,governmentandit’senvironment.
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Bibliography• hWp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/nubiaandegypt.html
• “WorldHistoryPaWernsofInteracEon”McDougalLiWell
• hWp://library.thinkquest.org/3011/egypt3.htm• hWp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/home.html
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