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GloboLakes: Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change
Steve Groom, PML
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GloboLakes is a 5 year (2012 -2017) €3 million UK project to investigate the state of lakes globally using EO data & investigate their response to environmental change drivers
Introduction and consortium
Andrew Tyler, Peter Hunter, Evangelos Spyrakos: University of Stirling, UK
Steve Groom, Victor Vicente-Martinez, Gavin Tilstone, Giorgio Dall’Olmo: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK
Christopher Merchant, Stuart MacCallum: University of Edinburgh/University of Reading, UK
Mark Cutler, John Rowan, Terry Dawson, Eirini Politi: University of Dundee, UK
Stephen Maberly, Laurence Carvalho, Stephen Thackery, Alex Elliott: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK
Claire Miller, Marion Scott, Ruth Haggarty: University of Glasgow, UK
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Overview
• Rationale and Approach
• In situ sampling
• How will GloboLakes be of benefit for Sentinel 2 programme (and vice versa)
• S2 MSI simulations
• Future plans
• LIMNADES
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• >300 million lakes globally – Provide essential ecosystem goods & services – Fundamental to global food and water security – Important in global biogeochemical cycling – Yet only <0.0001% sampled regularly
• Aim to observe from EO data ~1000 lakes spanning all climatic zones
• Timeliness – why now? – Increasing robustness of EO algorithms & ensemble
approaches – Impending launches of Sentinel 2 MSI and 3 OLCI offering
superior capabilities (2015) – By 2017 will be 20 years of ocean colour observations
Rationale
SeaWiFS: 1997-2010
MERIS: 2002-2012
MSI - Sentinel 2: 2015
OLCI -Sentinel 3: 2015
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Lake Balaton, Hungary
Ice Cover
• Set up a satellite-based observatory with archive and near real-time (NRT) data processing for 1000 lakes globally
• Process archive/new data to produce time series of: i) Lake Surface Temperature; ii) Chl-a; iii) phycocyanin concentration; iv) Total Suspended Matter v) Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter • Investigate spatial & temporal trends & attribute
causes of change for 1000 lakes worldwide
• Investigate lake sensitivity to environmental change • Distribute data freely to external project partners
and end-users via web portal and ftp • Opportunistically investigate Sentinel 2 MSI
Our approach
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Project structure
WP1: EO algorithms for lakes (Stirling)
WP2: Operational NRT processing
(PML)
WP3: Climate and catchment data
(Dundee)
WP4: Data integration and uncertainty assessment (Stirling/Glasgow)
WP5: Spatial and temporal patterns
(Glasgow)
WP6: Attributing causes (CEH)
WP7: Forecasting
models (CEH)
WP8: End-user applications for lake management (Stirling – All)
2012-15
2013-17
2013-15
2014-16
2012-17
EO model development and processing
Quality assurance
Data analysis and interpretation
End-user engagement
ESA ARC-Lakes
(Reading)
ESA DIVERSITY II (Brockman Consult)
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Intercomparison and operationalisation of algorithms using data from a hierarchical populations of lakes
Level 1. Well understood, with excellent sampling ~15 lakes
Level 3. Unknown characteristics, validation data very limited or absent ~1000 lakes
Level 2. In-situ biogeochemical data available for validation ~50 lakes
Hierarchy of Study Lakes
WP1: GloboLakes in situ optics and biogeochemical data for algorithm development
WP1/2: Collaborator provided in situ biogeochemical data and high temporal resolution buoy data for validation
WP2: Output: Level 2/3 data provided to users
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Field parameters Bio-optical parameters Laboratory parameters Secchi disk depth Remote sensing reflectance (Satlantic
HyperSAS; Trios RAMSES) Chl-a (spectrophotometric ISO method)
Water depth Subsurface irradiance reflectance (Satlantic HyperOCRs)
Size-fractionated Chl-a
Water temperature Spectral absorption coefficients (Wetlabs AC-S; PSICAM)
HPLC pigments (CSIRO method)
Wind speed
Spectral attenuations coefficients (Wetlabs AC-S)
Phycocyanin (adapted from Horváth et al., 2013)
Digital photos (water & sky conditions)
Spectral backscattering coefficients (Wetlabs BB3)
CDOM (a200-800 & SCDOM)
Aerosol optical depth (using a Microtops)
Temperature, depth, salinity profiles (Sea-Bird Electronics)
CDOM synchronous fluorescence scans (Universidade de Vigo)
TSM, PIM, POM (REVAMP protocol)
Particulate absorption (NASA Ocean Optics method)
DOC (Shimadzu TOC-VSCN)
POC (Perkin Elmer CHN analyzer)
Phytoplankton samples (preserved in Lugol’s)
Flow cytometry (preserved)
Sampling parameters
• Aim to measure as many parameters as feasible optical closure
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• UK lakes: • Loch Leven (4 times),
Loch Lomond (7), Windermere (2), Bassenthwaite (1) & Derwent Water (1)
• Range of sizes: 5-71km2; oligotrophic to eutrophic; range of depths
• Hungary • Lake Balaton (4) & Kis Balaton (1) Hungary
Sampling in 2013
UK Lakes
• 82 stations sampled; 230 water samples; 520 optics casts
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Results from 2013
Biogeochemical Summary: TSM 0.4 -10 mg L-1; chl-a 6 - 100 mg m-3; PC: 0 – 51 mg m-3; DOC 1.4 – 7 mg L-1
atot aph aNAP
[m-1
] N=35 N=17
N=7 N=5 N=5
N=11
Absorption Summary:
• Analysis is at an early stage
• Unfortunately there were no appropriate satellite observations
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• GloboLakes team are a Sentinel 3 Validation Team member
• Radiance data will be used to simulate S2 MSI capabilities for retrieval of in-water properties, complementing optical modelling
• Are there sufficient bands to retrieve: SPM; chl-a; PC and over what conditions and sensitivity?
• What is the sensitivity to retrievals i.e. spectral characteristics; radiometric resolution; S/N
• Airborne hyperspectral data will be used to simulate S2 MSI to
test atmospheric correction methods
How will these data benefit S2 MSI
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S2 MSI simulations
Turbid lake
Mesotrophic water 560nm
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Extended in Europe through EC FP7 INFORM Mid May Loch Lomond, UK Early June Lake Geneva, Switzerland Mid June Loch Ness, UK July Lake Balaton, Hungary (EC FP7 INFORM/EUFAR) Mid August Cumbrian Lakes, UK Mid September Mantua Lakes, Italy (INFORM/EUFAR) Opportunistic Loch Leven Opportunistic Loch Lomond Summer NERC Airborne Remote Sensing flights (Leven, Lomond, Lough Neagh/ Windermere) Specim Fenix 400 – 2500nm Specim Owl superspectral Thermal IR
Proposed sampling for 2014
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• Implement existing Diversity II processing chain (courtesy of Brockmann Consult) and re-produce Diversity II results
• Test existing and additional bio-optical algorithms using modelling, in situ data and simulated satellite reflectances (with uncertainty propagation studies)
• Diversity II models • aLMI (Brando) • NIR-red 2-/3-/4- band models • New MPH algorithm (Matthews) • New NN (with U. Vigo) • PC models (Simis, Hunter, Li etc.) • ….?
• Test water optical type classification scheme (a priori) and/or ensemble model (blending?) (a posteriori)
Proposed algorithm work plan 2014
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Sentinel 3 validation… Opportunistic sampling targeting S2 overpasses (and S3 if available) with 24 h mobilization in weather windows) • Loch Leven • Loch Lomond Mid July Lough Neagh (NI) Mid August Lake Vanern (Sweden; INCIS-3IVE) Installation of radiometers on UKLEON buoy (Loch Leven or Loch Lomond; TBC) Real-time Chla, turbidity and CDOM from (at least) 11 UKLEON buoys (8 on lakes > 0.5 km2)
Proposed sampling for 2015
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• >110 lakes • 20 countries • 5 continents
Lake bIo-optical MeasuremeNts And matchup Data for rEmote Sensing (LIMNADES) Community-owned database of AOPs, IOPs, constituent concentrations and ancillary data
LIMNADES
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• GloboLakes is aiming to
• Develop improved approaches to retrieve bio-optical parameters over lakes globally
• Undertake archive and near-real time processing to produce a global time series in >1000 lakes worldwide
• Opportunistically use of Sentinel 2 MSI for observing key smaller lakes particularly in UK
• Other work (PML)
• EC FP7 INFORM: lake primary production and phytop. size classes • EC FP7 EartH2Observe: focus on high CDOM + cyanobacterial lakes in
Estonia • PML internal: S2 and airborne RS atmospheric correction
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Thank you!
www.globolakes.ac.uk
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Algorithm validation in Balaton
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Four AC models • MERIS MEGS (Standard
ESA) • NASA SeaDAS • CoastColour (Brockman
Consult lead ESA project) • SCAPE-M (Guanter et al.,
2010)
Atmospheric correction validation
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LSWT – Phase-2
Annual LSWT Range
Mean August LSWT
LSWT Phase-2
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LSWT – Phase-3
Annual LSWT Range
Mean August LSWT
LSWT – Phase-2 LSWT Phase-3
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Satlantic HyperSAS radiometers Surface and sky radiances; solar irradiance Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(0+)) Tilt and heading sensor Wetlabs AC-S in situ spectrophotometer Spectral attenuation (c) Spectral absorption (a) Spectral scattering (b = c – a) 80 channels: 400-730 nm
Wetlabs ECO BB3 Spectral backscattering 3 channels: 470, 532, 650 nm
TriOS RAMSES radiometers (new for 2014) Surface and sky radiances; solar irradianc Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(0+)) Tilt and heading sensor
TriOS OSCAR hyperspectral PSICAM (new for 2014) Spectral absorption (a) 256 channels: 360-750 nm
Sampling Strategy & Instrumentation
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UK Lakes
Loch Lomond
Loch Leven
Windemere
Bassenthwaite Lake
Derwent Water
Size: 5 – 71 km2
Range of depths Oligotrophic to eutrophic
Sampling in 2013: UK lakes
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Frame for above-water radiometer package
Davit for deployment of in-water instruments
Cabin workstation for onboard filtration
Deployment
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Conceptual framework for the development of the LIMNADES database
LIMNADES: DEVELOPMENTS
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Linkages and Developments
• Brockmann Associates
• Lake Algal Bloom Pilot Project
• KTAMOP: Ecological Status and Function of Lakes (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – HICO (Hypespectral Imager of the Coastal Ocean)
• Colour of Water: Climate induced changes in water colour in Nordic Lakes. Estonia/Sweden
• Validation team for ESA Sentinel 3
• GLaSS: Global Lakes Sentinel Services: Water Insight, Wageningen • INFORM: Improved monitoring and forecasting of ecological status of European Inland
waters by combining Future earth ObseRvation data and Models (FP7 project pending): VITO, Belgium
• DANCERS: DANube macroregion: Capacity building and Excellence in River Systems (basin, delta and sea): GeoEcoMar, Romania
• CYANOCOST: Training and networking for EO
• NETLAKE: COST Action for in-situ sensors
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Future Directions
Funding: COST ACTION: EU Funding for training – as a framework for standardisation in Sentinel 3 (&2) validation for Inland Waters Opportunity: INTERCOMPARISON: of radiometers /calibration for reflectance and deployment/sampling methodologies. GLaSS/INFORM/GloboLakes Meetings: END USER WORKSHOP: JRC Italy. 1st Week in May Conferences: • JOINT AQUATIC SCIENCES MEETING 2014 (http://sgmeet.com/jasm2014/)
Portland Oregan (18-23 May 2014) (7th Feb Submission Deadline) – Working towards interoperability standards for networks and observatories – Lakes and streams as engines in global processes: Insights from technical
advances in limnology • 15th World Lake Conference (Perugia, Italy, Sep 14) - Lakes remote sensing
special session & GEO