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Global History
Regents Review
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The Basics•distinctive way they live called their CULTURE
•Civilizations tend to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM
• Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION
• Every civilization has some form of GOVERNMENT to keep order and ECONOMY to determine how resources are used
• Every civilization is affected by its surroundings and climate, called GEOGRAPHY, and develops strategies to deal with them
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Belief Systems• Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic
– Mono = Judaism, Christianity, Islam
– Poly = Hinduism, Shintoism, Animism
• Philosophies
– Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism
• Moral Codes create rules
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1. Judaism• Monotheistic
• Practiced around the world
• Torah = book
• Ten Commandments = moral code
• Basic beliefs = the messiah has not come yet
• Major figures = Abraham (founder) & Moses
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2. Christianity• Monotheistic
• Practiced around the world
• Book = Bible
• Ten Commandments = moral code
• Basic beliefs = Jesus was the Messiah
• Major figures = Jesus (founder) Abraham & Moses
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3. Islam• Monotheistic• Practiced around the world, centered in the
Middle East• Book = Qu’ran• Basic rules = Five Pillars (faith, pilgrimage,
charity, fasting, prayer• Basic beliefs = Mohammed was the final prophet
of Allah• Major figures = Mohammed (founder),
recognizes all previous figures as prophets
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4. Hinduism• Polytheistic• Practiced in India• Book = Upanishads, Vedas• Moral code = Darhma• Basic beliefs =
– All life is sacred– Caste system– Reincarnation– Karma
• Major figures = No one founder
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5. Animism• Polytheistic
• Practiced in Africa (traditional)
• Book = none
• Basic beliefs = – Gods in nature– Ancestor worship
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6. Shintoism• Polytheistic• Practiced in Japan (traditional)• Book = none• Basic beliefs =
– Gods in nature– Kami– Ancestor worship
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7. Buddhism• Philosophy• Origin = India• Practiced in China, Japan, SE Asia• Book = 3 Jewels• Moral code = Eightfold Path• Basic beliefs = equality
– All life is sacred– Reincarnation– Enlightenment – Nirvana
• Major figures = Siddhartha Gautama (founder)
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8. Confucianism• Philosophy• Practiced in China & Japan• Book = Analects• Basic beliefs =
– Social order– Education– Five Basic Relationships
• Major figures = Confucius
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9. Daoism• Philosophy• Practiced in China & Japan• Basic beliefs =
– Equality– “live and let live”
• Major figures = Lao-tse (spelled different ways)
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Human Beginnings•humans first existed in AFRICA in the GREAT RIFT VALLEY
•MIGRATED throughout the world
• early humans were NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS
• NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION = farming and domestication of animals
Food surplus
Pop. Growth
Gov’t
Job specialization
Settlements/villages/civilizations
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River Valleys• Develop near water
– Provide irrigation and transportation– Rivers provide silt for farming
• Common achievements = irrigation, writing systems, theocracies, large architecture
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1. Mesopotamia
• Sumer, Babylon
• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• No natural barriers = invasions
• Theocracies developed
• Achievements = Irrigation, Hammurabi’s Code, cuneiform, wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats
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2. Egypt
• Nile River
• Natural barriers = Desert, north-flowing Nile, cataracts
• Theocracy = pharaoh is a god
• Achievements = Irrigation, hieroglyphics, pyramids, calendar to predict the Nile
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3. Indus River Valley
• India
• Indus River
• natural barriers = Himalayas, Hindu Kush
• Unpredictable flooding, monsoons
• Achievements = Irrigation, planned cities, sewage system, wealthy trade with Meso.
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4. China
• Huang He River Valley
• Very little farmland in China
• Natural barriers = Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Pacific Ocean = VERY ISOLATED
• Achievements = Irrigation, writing system
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Classical Age• Ancient Greece and Rome
– Basis of modern democracy & law– Basis of Renaissance art
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Classical Civilizations - Greeks
• 5th century BC highpoint
• impact of geography: fishing, sea trade, independent city-states lack unity and very little farmland due to mountains
• Golden Age of Athens
Direct democracy led by Pericles
Vs. militarism in Spartan oligarchy
•Alexander the Great – conquest of the Middle-East as far as India
•Greek Achievements = law & gov’t, geometry, architecture, philosophy, art
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Rome• Geography
– Peninsula = Access to Med. Sea & trade– Mountainous North = little farmland
• Impact of geography– Use Med. Sea to communicate/conquer– Build roads for communication/trade
• Achievements– Law/representative gov’t, Twelve Tables,
Latin, architecture, engineering
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• Pax Romana = Golden Age–Augustus = major emperor–Dictatorship–Bread and circuses
• Decline–Weak/corrupt leaders, empire too
big, invasions, high taxes, roads destroyed
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Golden AgesA time period of political stability, economic prosperity, and Technological and Cultural Achievements!
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1. Byzantine Empire• Was the Eastern Roman Empire• Political stability
– Justinian’s Code• Economic Prosperity
– World-wide trade• Technological/Cultural Achievements
– Spread of Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet to Russia
– Preserved Greek and Roman culture
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2. Han Dynasty• Political stability
– Wudi = emperor– Confucianism = Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic
Cycle– Civil Service Exams
• Economic Prosperity– Trade along the Silk Roads– Monopoly on silk production
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• Technological/Cultural Achievements–Invention of paper–Silk, jade sculptures
• Reasons for Decline–Weak leaders, empire too large,
high taxes
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3. Tang/Song Dynasties• Political stability
– Civil service exams• Economic Prosperity
– Trade along the Silk Roads– Sea Trade
• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Gunpowder, block printing– Moveable type, compass
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4. Islamic Empire• Political stability
– Abbassid Dynasty• Economic Prosperity
– Center of World Trade– Banking system
• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Mathematics– Medical books – Circumference of the Earth
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5. Maurya• India• Political stability
– Emperor Chandragupta• Economic Prosperity
– Trade on Silk Roads• Technological/Cultural Achievements
– Spread Buddhism to China/SE Asia
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6. Gupta Empire• India• Political stability
– Centralized bureaucracy• Economic Prosperity
– Trade on Silk Road• Technological/Cultural Achievements
– Arabic numerals– Earth is round– Small pox vaccination
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Middle Ages• Feudalism = land in exchange for
protection & loyalty–Decentralized–Church is powerful
• System of mutual obligations• Rigid class system• Manorialism = economic system
–Self-sufficient manors
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King
Lords
Vassals
Knights = warriors; chivalry
Serfs85% of the pop.
Systemof
mutualobligation
Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai = warriors; Bushido
Peasants (85%)Artisans
Merchants
Vs.
Japanese Feudalism (1100s)
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• Crusades– Holy wars (1096)– Christians vs. Muslims to recapture holyland– Creates a rise in trade, cultural diffusion, and
demand for goods from the east
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Japanese Feudalism
• Result of geographic limitations
–Archipelago
–Oceans
• Tokugawa Shogunate
–Centralized feudalism
–Closed country policy
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More Golden Ages
Mongols, Ming, and Ottomans
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7. Pax Mongolia• China & Asia• Political stability
– Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan• Economic Prosperity
– Safe trade on Silk Road• Technological/Cultural Achievements
– Brings Europe in contact with Asia– Demand for eastern goods rises
• Impact on Russia: isolation & absolute gov’t
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8. Ming Dynasty• China• Political stability
– Mings overthrow Mongols– Civil service exams
• Economic Prosperity– Silk Road & Sea trade– Exports: silk, porcelain, spices
• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Silk, porcelain, jade, Most of Great Wall– Zheng He explored & established trade
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9. Ottoman Empire• Middle East• Political stability
– Suleiman creates law code• Economic Prosperity
– Controlled trade between Europe and Asia– Conquered Constatinople
• Technological/Cultural Achievements– Banking, canons, muskets, trade, spread
of Islam
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Global Trade• Causes
– Italy (Florence,Venice) near med Sea. – Mongols, Ottomans, Zheng He
• Effects– Commercial Rev. = mercantilism, new
business practices– Emerging middle class– Age of Exploration– Renaissance
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• Bubonic Plague (1350)– Brought by fleas on rats from China– Kills 1/3 pop. Of Europe– Economic decline
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Renaissance• 1300s-1600s• Cause: Rise in global trade, middle class• Effects:
– Humanism = focus on human potential and achievement
– Artistic achievement = Michelangelo, daVinci– Literary achievement = Shakespeare, Machiavelli– Printing Press (Gutenberg) leads to rise in # of books,
rise in literacy, ideas spread quickly– Questioning spirit
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Reformation• 1500s- 1600s• Questioning of traditional authority• Causes
– Sale of indulgences– Priests acting like kings– Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis– Printing press
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• Effects
– New Christian denominations
– End of religious unity/Holy Roman Empire
– Decrease in Church power/rise of kings
– Catholic/Counter Reformation = RCC try to stop people from leaving
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Ancient African Civilizations
• Traditional Animistic beliefs– Artwork reflects religious beliefs
• Ghana, Mali, Songhai CONTROL GOLD SALT TRADE
• Mansa Musa– King of Mali– Traveled to Mecca– Built mosques, spread Islam in Africa
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Mesoamerica• Maya = Central America/ Southern
Mex.• Aztec = Central Mex. (Tenochitlan)• Inca = Peru, Chile (Cuzco)
–Built roads, bridges, step farming to overcome mountains
• Polytheistic, human sacrifices (except Inca) to worship sun god
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Age of Exploration• Spain & Portugal = leaders• Individuals: Vasco da Gama, Columbus,
Cortez, Pizarro• Causes:
– 3 G’s– Seek new trade routes to Asia– Find natural resources– New navigational technology and weapons– Gain power
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• Effects:
– Discovery of new lands
– Columbian Exchange = spread of disease, new foods
– Establishment of colonies = inhumane treatment of natives, mercantilism, Spanish social structure
– Atlantic Slave Trade
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Age of Absolutism• Absolutism = rulers w/ complete power over
the people• Phillip II of Spain
– Religious persecution• Louis XIV (France)
– Palace of Versailles– Religious persecution
• Peter the Great (Russia)– westernization
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Scientific Revolution• Geocentric vs. heliocentric
• Questioning of Church ideals of science
• Individuals: – Ptolemy (geo)– Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton (helio)
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Enlightenment• Age of Reason• Questioning of gov’t authority and power• John Locke = natural rights, right to
overthrow the gov’t• Voltaire = free speech & religion• Montesquieu = separation of powers• Rousseau = common good• Wollstonecraft = women’s education/rights
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The French RevolutionCauses
• Estates System = unequal distribution of land, wealth, & power
• Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette are weak rulers
• Economic decline
• Enlightenment thinkers provide new ideas
• American Revolution provides an example
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The French RevolutionEffects
• Political & Economic instability• Constitutional Monarchy• War with other European nations
– Austria, Russia, Prussia
• Reign of Terror– Robespierre
• Rise of Napoleon• Latin American Independence Movements• Rise of Nationalism