GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE –
Industrial Strategies for CCS beyond the power sector
Derek M. Taylor – European Regional Representative
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
FOCUS
The Global CCS Institute connects parties around the world to solve problems,
address issues and learn from each other to accelerate the deployment of
CCS projects by:
1. FACT-BASED ADVOCACY
using facts to inform and influence domestic and international low carbon
policies;
supporting the commercialisation of CCS by advancing the understanding of of
the technology
increasing the awareness of the benefits of CCS and the role it plays within a
portfolio of low carbon technologies.
2. ASSISTING PROJECTS
bridging knowledge gaps between demonstration efforts; and
developing project specific solutions particularly amongst early movers.
3. SHARING KNOWLEDGE
collecting information to create a central repository for CCS knowledge; and
analysing and disseminating information to fill knowledge gaps and build
capacity.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
CURRENT MEMBERSHIPLegal Member breakdown Legal Members: 252
from a total of 277
participating organisations.
64
40
2
15
2512
1
81
2
10
Member (includes European Commission)
Other countries engagedCurrent Representative Offices:
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
MEMBERSHIP BREAKDOWN277 Members as at January 2011
Industry 49%
Government 14%
Association/NGO 11%
Consultancy 11%
Research 11%
Financial 4%
The Institute's Membership accounts for over 80 per cent of the world's
Carbon dioxide emissions from energy and industrial sources.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
FACT BASED ADVOCACYACTIVITIES AND KEY REPORTS COMPLETED
Global Status of CCS Report - September 2009
Ideal Portfolio of Projects - November 2009
Defining „CCS Ready‟ - February 2010
CCS Project update May 2010, Project Summary to G8/G20 - June 2010
Response to World Bank Energy Strategy Consultation - June 2010
Collaboration on IEA CCS Roadmap „One year on‟ - October 2010
Major Economies Forum (MEF) Action Group CCUS Stock Take Report
- Institute underpins work on Strategic Plan
Capacity Development on CCUS / Public Awareness Workshops
Membership Engagement (four Member meetings held)
Key partnerships in place (Asian Development Bank, World Bank, CSLF, IEA,
CO2CRC, CSIRO, Clinton Foundation, Climate Group)
1st Project Briefing “Road shows” held (Tenaska, Pioneer) February 2011
Global Status of CCS in 2010 – March 2011
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INSTITUTE SUPPORTED PROJECTS
* Letter of Intent
Tenaska Trailblazer
Energy Center • FEED studies
• AU$8.03 million
Tenaska/Entergy
Nelson 6 CCS Project• FEED studies
• AU$825,600 (Phase 1)
Rotterdam CCS
Network Project, RCI• Storage and shipping studies
• AU$2.2 million
Romanian CCS
Demonstration Project,
ISPE• Feasibility Study
• AU$2.55 million
CarbonNet, Victorian
Government•Commercial and Planning studies
• AU$2.3 million
Callide Oxyfuel Project,
OPTL*•Transport and CO2 injection studies
• AU$1.83 million
Project Pioneer,
TransAlta• FEED studies
• AU$5 million
3 in North America, 2 in Europe, 2 in Australia. Commitment from the Institute ~ AU$23 million
AEP
Mountaineer•FEED studies
•AU$ 4 million
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
KNOWLEDGE SHARING - PLATFORMS
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
7
SOME EXAMPLES – KEY ASSETS FROM PROJECTS
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INDUSTRY AS A SOURCE OF CO2
• One third of the world‟s energy consumption and close
to 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions are directly
attributable to the manufacturing industry.
• Emissions result from the generation and/or use of heat
and power and through the different processes involved.
• The large primary materials industries account for more
than two-thirds of this amount, in particular:
– Chemicals and petrochemicals
– Iron and steel
– Cement
– Other minerals and metals
– Pulp and paper
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
CO2 FROM ENERGY AND INDUSTRY
IN THE EU
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Polan
d*
Cze
ch R
ep
Den
mar
k
Gre
ece
Ger
man
y*
Bul
garia
Rom
ania
UK*
Irelan
d
Nethe
rland
s*
Spain
*
Italy
*
Franc
e
MT/Year - Energy
MT/Year - Industry
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
BUT STILL TOO FEW INDUSTRY
PROJECTS FOR CCS
• The Institute‟s report on project status for 2010
described 76 “Large-scale integrated projects” (LSIPs)
for CCS
• The majority of these are power projects
– Pre-combustion power (18)
– Post-combustion power (17)
– Oxyfuel power (4)
– Other power projects (3)
• There are only 2 iron and steel projects, 1 cement
project and 1 pulp and paper project
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
• The Global CCS Institute, together with the
Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy,
decided to sponsor a study of CCS in industry.
• The study is being carried out by the United
Nations Industrial Development Organisation
(UNIDO) in close co-operation with the IEA and
the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme.
• As the majority of industrial CO2 emissions
come increasingly from developing countries,
the study is focusing on these countries.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GAS PROCESSING
• The large majority of the “non-power” LSIPs are “gas processing”
projects.
• Many natural gas deposits (over 40%) contain significant quantities
of carbon dioxide (up to 70%) and, in most cases, this must be
reduced (usually to below 2%) before the gas can be used.
• In many cases, the CO2 removed is expected to be used for EOR
– Many of the earlier examples will be in the USA
– But it is likely that many other regions will increasingly use CCS
linked with EOR
• In some other cases, it is sent to storage in deep saline formations
(e.g. Sleipner in Norway)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GAS PROCESSING PROJECTS
• While CO2 emissions from gas processing are
a relatively small percentage (a little over 2%) of
all CO2 emissions, the availability of high-purity
CO2 means they are well represented in the
project data base.
• All eight operating LSIPs and the four in the
“execution” phase are linked in some way to the
oil and gas sector: they either
– capture CO2 via natural gas processing,
– or they are injecting CO2 for EOR.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
LSIPs at the “OPERATION / EXECUTION” STAGE
Operation Stage
• Sleipner (NO) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation
• Snohvit (NO) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation
• In Salah (ALG)- Gas processing - Deep saline formation
• Weyburn-Midale (CAN) - Pre-combustion (synfuels) – EOR
• Rangely Weber (US) - Gas processing – EOR
• Salt Creek (US) - Gas processing - EOR
• Enid Fertiliser (US)- Pre-combustion (fertiliser) - EOR
• Sharon Ridge (US) - Gas processing - EOR
Execution stage
• Southern Company (US)- IGCC Pre-combustion (power) - EOR
• Occidental (US) - Gas Processing - EOR
• Enhance Energy (CAN) - Pre-combustion (fertiliser/oil refining) –
EOR
• Gorgon (AUS) - Gas processing - Deep saline formation
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
Photo: Tore Grønningsæter
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
IRON AND STEEL
• The iron and steel industry accounts for nearly 20% of
final energy use and about one quarter of direct CO2
emissions from the industry sector
• More than half of these emissions come from four
countries: China, India, Ukraine and Russia
• Close to 2 tonnes of CO2 are produced for one tonne of
rolled steel
• However, unlike for the power sector, the CO2 emissions
from an integrated steel plant come from several
different sources and the waste gases have very
different concentrations of CO2
• So the technology needs to be developed and
demonstrated specifically for such plants.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
ARCELORMITTAL‟S FLORANGE PLANT (F)
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CEMENT
• Cement (annual production close to 3 GT) is thought to
be responsible for 2 GT of CO2/year
• On average, one tonne of cement results in emission of
between 600 kg and 800 kg of CO2
• Sources are normally the fossil fuel used for heat
(energy emissions) and gas from both the pre-calciner
and the rotary kiln (process emissions)
• China is responsible for nearly half of the world‟s
cement production (India at 6% is next)
• Some estimates are that cement demand could grow to
close to or over 5GT/year by 2050 (WWF/Lafarge)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
REFINING – MANY UNCERTAINTIES
• There are few – if any – reliable estimates of the
annual CO2 emissions from refineries – though
figures between 800 million and 1,000 million
tonnes are frequently quoted (6% of global
emissions)
• The rate at which this could grow is very
uncertain as it would correlate closely with
increasing liquid fossil fuel demand complicated
by the higher energy required to recover fuels
from less conventional crude sources
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
REFINING – TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
• Refineries have several complex and varied unit
processes – so have numerous point sources of
emissions – with different CO2 concentrations– Process heaters produce 30 to 60% of emissions with CO2
concentrations of 8-10%
– Utilities (electricity and steam production – using a CHP gas
turbine) produces 20 to 50% of emissions with a CO2
concentration of around 4%
– Hydrogen Manufacturing produces 5 to 20% of emissions with
CO2 concentrations of 5-20%
– Fluid Catalytic Cracker produces 20 to 50% of emissions with a
CO2 concentration of 10-20%
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
THE MONGSTAD TEST CENTRE (NO)
• The capture technologies to be tested at European CO2
technology centre Mongstad (TCM) refinery are Aker
Clean Carbon‟s amine based process and Alstom‟s
chilled ammonia process
• The objective is to capture 100,000 t/y CO2 between
them from two slip streams
• One slip stream from the natural gas fired CHP plant
and another slip stream from the adjacent Mongstad
refinery‟s fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) process
emissions.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
Photo: Øyvind Hagen
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
BIOMASS
• While emissions from biomass use are presently rather
low relatively to those from cement and iron and steel,
they are projected to grow as more biomass is used to
produce transportation fuels and in power generation
• Already by 2020, biomass-based production of synthetic
fuels and hydrogen together with CCS could cover over
a quarter of that in the industry sector.
• According to the IEA this could rise to over 50% by 2050
(cf 22.4% by iron and steel sector and 13.6% by the
cement sector)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
SHARES IN CCS BY INDUSTRY SECTOR
(161 MT CO2/yr IN 2020 rising to 4,032 MT/yr CO2 IN 2050)
2020 2050
• Biomass (synfuels + hydrogen) 26.3 52.3
• Cement (biomass-based) 1.7 4.5
• Iron and steel (biomass-based) 1.8 1.1
• Chemicals (biomass-based) 0.5 0.5
• Pulp and paper (biomass-based) 0.3 0.4
• Iron and steel (fossil fuel-based) 36.8 21.3
• Cement (fossil fuel-based) 12.2 9.1
• Chemicals (fossil fuel-based) 17.4 6.1
• Gas (synfuels + hydrogen) 2.6 4.5
• Pulp and paper (fossil fuel-based 0.4 0.3
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
PULP AND PAPER
• While the contribution to CCS by the pulp and paper
sector is expected to be rather limited, it is presently the
largest consumer of biomass in industry – 55%
• Pulp and paper plants often emit up to one million
tonnes of CO2/year – with the largest around 2 MT/yr
• One of the most important by-products is “black liquor”
which can be burned or gasified and used in the
synthesis of transport fuels.
• It could be an “early mover” in combining biomass use
with CCS as the costs of the CCS can be at least partly
offset by the synthetic fuel production.
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Paper and pulp mill M-real Husum (SW)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
ETHANOL
• Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of
biomass such as sugar cane or corn.
• This fermentation results in a pure or almost
pure stream of CO2
• The purity of the CO2 means capture costs are
very low – which very significantly reduces the
cost for applying CCS.
• Plants typically emit 50 000 to 300 000 tonnes
annually, with only a few of the larger plants
emitting more than one million tonnes per year.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
POWER AND HEAT
• Biomass can be used to generate commercial quantities
of both power and heat.
• Many smaller combined heat and power plants (CHP)
work on straight biomass or a combination of biomass
and a fossil fuel.
• Large scale plants can also use a mixture of fossil fuels
together with biomass
– The large DRAX power station – the largest in the UK
- co-fires with biomass (a target has been set of
12.5% biomass)
– the most used are wood pellets, sunflower pellets,
olive, peanut shell husks and rape meal.
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
BECCS
• Bioenergy and CCS (BECCS) is a very exciting
prospect.
• It is the only technology by which we can actually
reduce the level of CO2 in our atmosphere.
• Nature - in the form of sunlight - provides the energy
required to collect and convert the carbon dioxide into a
fuel or other material we can use to produce energy or
energy products (such as biofuels). Then we can
capture and store the CO2 in geological horizons.
• What sets BECCS apart as a climate mitigation
measure is that if it is widely deployed it can result in
permanent reduction in in this level of CO2 - in other
words we can produce energy with "carbon negative"
emissions.
• .
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
BECCS PROJECTS (source GCCSI)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
FURTHER READING – The GCCSI and
UNIDO WEBSITES
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/
– http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/publications/global-status-ccs-2010
– http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/publications/global-status-beccs-
projects-2010
http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=1000821
– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan
ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Biomass_2011.pdf
– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan
ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/High%20Purity_FINAL%20DRAFT.pdf
– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan
ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Stee_sectoral_%20report.pdf
– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan
ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Refineries3.pdf
– http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Chan
ge/Energy_Efficiency/CCS/Cement%20Sector%20Assessment.pdf
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
www.globalccsinstitute.com