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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
GIS in Transportation
Adam Winstanley
National Centre for Geocomputation
Department of Computer Science
GIS-T
GIS in Practice NCG 25/1/06
© ncg and originators of data
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
GIS in TransportationJianquan Cheng
Tim McCarthy
Peter Mooney
Matthew Sammon
Adam Winstanley
GIS-T
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
GIS in Transportation
• Cheap sensors – GPS, cameras, LIDAR• Loads of data• Data standards • Fast networks• Processing power• Software algorithms• Graphics• Web technologies
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
GIS-T ApplicationsLocation
Route Coverage
Journey planners
Vehicle Tracking
Location-based Services
Infrastructure management
Emergency Services
Disaster area Evacuation
Transport planning
Sustainability
Efficiency
Spatial strategy
Asset inventory
Tolling
ITS
Positioning Sensors
Network Algorithms
Spatial Analysis
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Data Processing Issues
A comparison of navigation before (left image) and after (right image) data processing.This data was acquired recently in the West End, central London. Primary Navigation Used DGPS, secondary comprised optical DMI sensor & road centre line.
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Sensor system
Control system
Positioning system
Sensors
AutoTramDevelopment of imaging and control technology for a public-transport vehicle in unsegregated environments
Objectives:
Sensor and control systems for rail vehicles• Collision avoidance systems • Warning and safety systems• Autonomous control system
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Location-based Public Transport Information Systems
Applications using positioning systems in public-transport vehicles for passenger
information systems, vehicle tracking and fleet control.
Free drink with every meal and your tram ticket at this stop
e.g. In-vehicle multi-media passenger information system
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
• Tim McCarthy• IBI Group-RouteMapper
• Virtual Tolling• Noise Modelling• Asset Inventory & Infrastructure Mapping• Virtual Route Corridors (2.5-D & 3-D reconstruction)
• We design and prototype all critical modules, algorithms and sub-systems
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Examples of NCG’s partnership with transportation industry
Image Mapping Systems for Asset Inventory
Ongoing partnership with UK/Canadian companies developing a range of route corridor mapping systems for transportation projects
Noise Modelling
Due to initiate new ten-month R&D project with a commercial company and governement agency. Involves development of airborne and ground based survey systems for measuring route corridor geometry. This will be used as an input to modelling noise along motorway sections in ireland. This falls under the 2007 EU directive.
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Asset Inventory system
Road mapping systems use advanced camera technology together as well as navigation sensors to record multiple fields of view along route corridor at speeds of upto 100kph.
•4 X Progressive scan cameras (1024*768) at 5fps
•DGPS (1m level)
•GPS timing
•National Instrument synchronisation
•Optical DMI (0.5% error)
•Monoscopic and Stereoscopic configurations for 2-D and 3-D measurement
•Robust Datalogging PC
•Power, mount subsystems
•Data-throughput is in the order of 50 MB/s
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Key Challenges – Design & construction of mobile route corrdior survey systems
Sensor Integration
•Integrating imaging, navigation, laser sensors & other third-party sub-systems
•Addressing latency and synchronisation issues
•Choosing correct navigation system
Software Engineering, algorithm design & visualisation
•Development of robust DataAcq modules, Data processing algorithms
•How do we visualise these multi-sensor datastreams
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Route corrdior asset inventory can be sub-divided into three main areas;
Data Acquisition
Survey vehicle, power, camera subsystems. Primary & secondary navigation (DGPS, DMI, IMU). Additional sensors such as GPR
Data Processing
Recovering navigation and integration with images including back interpolation, data cleaning, camera calibration (monoscopic & stereoscopic)
Data Analysis
Browser providing core functionality enabling user to measure, digitise and store data. API to inetgrate with industry standard applications such as ArcGIS, MapInfo, GeoMedia.
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Example of simple monoscopic calibration
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
L eg en d
7
A c tiv e I n fra re d I llu m in a tio n
L E D V is ib le I llu m in a tio n
JA I A 1 0
JA I M 4 +
JA I M 7 C L
D ataL o g g e r
P o we rD istr ib u tio n U n it
W ip e r U n it
J C TB O X
J C TB O X
P o w e r C a b le
D a ta C a b le
N e tw o rk C a b le
E x tern a l/A d d itio n a l S en so rs
S yn c C a b le
Simplified diagram depicting a typical route corrdior data acquisition system
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Data Acquisition system
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Browser Interface
Multiple images
Video controls
Map controls
Image ID
Mapping (GIS layers) spatially linked to video and database
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
High resolution imagery
Image controls
Image clarity: 1024 x 768 resolution, non interlaced
Road Network referencing
Text overlay on image (retrieved from database)
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Measurement and export
In-frame measurement
Magnifier to improve measurement accuracy
Jump to network segment or ahead/back x metres
Business systems integration: Export to HAPMS (+ GIS, database applications) IBI Group-
RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Creation of GIS layers from VideoTracing an asset in the video creates an underlying feature in the shape file, linked to its description based on a customised asset database
For the Highways Agency, the Browser is based on the HA’s chart node referencing system
The use of standard file formats allows asset information to be exported into standard GIS software (eg Arcview) for further analysis
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Integration of multiple sensorsRADAR pavement thickness data, displayed alongside video & map Change in pavement
condition, visible from GPR data & video
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam WinstanleySix camera system for street surveying
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Data browsing available over the Internet
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Virtual route corridors will be common place within next 10 years
IBI Group-RouteMapper
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
The AA Route Planner
Geographical Distance Only
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example A (1)
Origin / destination selection• Pre-approved O/D, requiring:
– Transit stop locations
• User-entered O/D, requiring (in addition):– Text-matching of addresses / postcodes– Geocoding of addresses / postcodes
Trip constraints• Consideration of accessibility of stops
• Minimisation of trip parameters such as:– Fare cost– Number of transfers– Time:
• In transit• Walking to / between stops
Trip Planner, Regional Transportation Authority, Illinois, USA
http://tripsweb.rtachicago.com/
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Trip Planner, Regional Transportation Authority, Illinois, USA
http://tripsweb.rtachicago.com/
Interactive Trip Planning Example A (2)
Route selection• Requires path-finding algorithm and vector
data:– for entire transit network, at minimum– for entire street network, where user enters O/D
• Allows (inter-stop) walking/cycling distance/time
Arrival / departure time reporting• Requires detailed regular schedule information
Mode / service, direction and stop reporting• Requires:
– Names of modes / services and stops– Mode / service branding with colours / symbology– Understanding of travel direction WRT stops– Knowledge of transfer stops
Fare reporting• Requires fare and passenger-type information
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Journey Planner, Transport for London, UK
http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk
Interactive Trip Planning Example B (1)
Additional trip constraints• Allow user to select preferred modes
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example B (2)
Journey Planner, Transport for London, UK
http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk
Enhanced accessibility constraints• User can specify mobility impairment type, not merely
indicate such impairment• Requires more information for each stop
Specification of non O / D via-location• Additional location must be incorporated into trip
Enhanced walking / cycling parameters• Requires:
• Additional data about stops / services, e.g.• Which services allow bicycles• Which stops have bicycle parks
• Information on walking / cycling travel speeds
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example B (3)
Journey Planner, Transport for London, UK
http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk
Indication of total trip time
Listing of alternative routes• Enhances user choice by
displaying no. of transfers per route
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example B (4)
Journey Planner, Transport for London, UK
http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk
Detailed description of route• Allows route to be printed and followed
Account taken of congestion• For on-street transit, user notified of
maximum journey time, given prevailing conditions
• Requires congestion data for each street
Incorporation of real-time information• User notified of service delays and
emergencies• Alternative routing suggested• Requires live updates from services
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example B (5)
Journey Planner, Transport for London, UK
http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk
Relevant map for each stop• Shows:
• Route (with mode changes)• Nearby:
• Landmarks• Transit stops
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example C (1)
Google Transit Trip Planner
http://www.google.com/transit
Experimental trip planning by Google• User can enter free-text description of:
• Origin• Destination• Proposed arrival / departure time
• Trip duration, categorized by:• In transit time• Walking time
• Cost comparison:• Public transit• Car
• Simultaneously:• Describes route• Maps route
• Incorporates data provided by local public transit companies
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Interactive Trip Planning Example C (2)
Google Transit Trip Planner
http://www.google.com/transit
Experimental trip planning by Google• Also maps route by car, for comparison
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Considerations
• Example (1): We often wish to optimise (minimise) overall travel time – but are willing to tradeoff some travel time – for a journey that does not require us to change trains/buses more than once
• Example (2): Searching for the optimal route (based on criteria X) and ignoring all other optimisation criteria Y may return a route with minimal X but very high Y values (ie cost, risk, etc)
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Using an EA for Journey Planning
• Research carried out at CS Dept/NCG evaluated the implementation of an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) - within a GIS - to ‘evolve’ routes on transportation networks exhibiting optimal tradeoffs between the N criteria considered
• Users choose what they perceive as the most important set of criteria to optimise
• The EA searches for valid routes on the GIS representation of the transportation network
• The GIS displays the route options to the user
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) (1)
• Transport for London’s iBus system for London Buses• To be rolled out over 4 years - trials started Dec 2005• £177m on AVL and telecoms technology• ~15 private companies under contract• 8000+ buses• 6.3m daily passengers• 17,500 stops• 700 routes• 2000+ wayside signs• Technology from Siemens
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) (2)
• Transport for London’s iBus system for London Buses• Vehicle position determined by GPS
– Useful for emergencies– Useful for bus performance monitoring
• Position relayed by GPRS to central computer• Predicted arrival times sent by:
– GPRS to potential passengers’ mobile phones– GPRS / ISDN to wayside signs– GPRS to buses, so that drivers can:
• Know headway info (time gap between consecutive buses)
• Can make decisions to maintain regularity and prevent “bunching”
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
• Chicago Transit Authority• Automated Voice Annunciation System (AVAS) • System automatically:
– Displays and announces the next stop to passengers– Announces at each bus stop to those waiting:
• Bus route• Destination
• Position determined using:– GPS– odometer inputs that provide distance travelled– gyroscope that observes changes in direction
• Technology from CleverDevices
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) (3)
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
• Where change occurs it may be possible to:– Determine the beneficiaries, using GIS– Tax them– Use the revenue to pay for the transit system
• Croydon Tramlink, UK– Consortium led by Atisreal (2004) found increases in
property values within central Croydon
• Orange Line, Chicago– McMillen & McDonald (2004) showed that value
increases prior to construction were caused by the expectation of improved accessibility
Transport Interactions with Property Values (1)
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Major raw data sources: Amsterdam Region
Inhabitants Employment
Car network Transit network
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Focal points of Employment
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
TAZ from Neighbourhood units
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GIS in Transport Adam WinstanleyTravel time- OD Matrix
Car route
Transit route
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Virtual Network
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Car Corridor
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Transit Corridor
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Low (< average)Vir
tual
spe
edClassification
1
2
3
4
High (> average)
Low (<average) High (>average)
Public Transport share
Visual speed = Distance /( t-time * share + c-time*(1-share))
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Spatial strategy
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Ratio of employment to inhabitants
Ratio of job opportunity to inhabitants
Different spatial patterns
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Job accessibility/(un-sustainability)
Spatial conflicts
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Example of strategy
Sustainable accessibility
203.4 205.1
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GIS in Transport Adam Winstanley
Thank you
• Jianquan Cheng
• Tim McCarthy
• Peter Mooney
• Matthew Sammon
• Adam Winstanley
National Centre for Geocomputation,
John Hume Building,
National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth,
Co. Kildare,
Ireland.
© ncg and originators of data