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GHSGT SCIENCE REVIEW
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What’s the test over?
• 25% - Cells and Heredity• 17% - Ecology• 26% - Structure and Properties of
Matter• 16% - Energy Transformations• 16% - Forces, Waves, and Electricity
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE &
PERIODIC TABLE
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What are subatomic particles?
• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons
Subatomic particle
Location Mass charge
PROTON In the nucleus
1 amu Positive+
NEUTRON In the nucleus
1 amu Neutral0
ELECTRON Orbits the nucleus (electron cloud)
1/1836 amu
Negative-
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Where are electrons found?
• Electrons are in the electron cloud• Electron cloud is divided into energy levels• Energy levels closest to the nucleus hold
electrons with less energy while those farther from the nucleus have more energy
ENERGY LEVEL
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
1ST 2
2ND 8
3RD 18
4TH 32
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ATOMS:
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BOHR MODELS OF ATOMS
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What are valence electrons?
• Electrons in the outermost energy level• Valence electrons determine how an element
will react chemically with another element
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How can the number of valence electrons an atom has be determined?• Look at the column the element is in on the
periodic table.• Column 1 = 1 valence electron• Column 2 = 2 valence electrons• Column 13 = 3 valence electrons (can never
have more that 8 valence electrons)• Column 17 = 7 valence electrons
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PERIODIC TABLE
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What is the atomic number of an element?
• Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of a particular element
• How do you find the atomic number on the periodic table?– It is the whole number
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How many protons?
Carbon_____ Neon _____
Sodium_____ Lithium_____
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How can you find the number of electrons in an atom?
• The number of electrons will be the same as the number of protons (atomic number) (whole number) as long as the atom does not have a charge.
• How many electrons?Carbon_____ Neon _____
Sodium_____ Lithium_____
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What is an isotope?
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons• EX: C-12 and C-14 are isotopes
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Examples of isotopes
C-12: protons 6 neutrons +_6__atomic mass 12
C-14: protons 6 neutrons +_8__atomic mass 14
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What is the atomic mass?
• The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.
• How can you look at the periodic table and tell the atomic mass?– It is the number with digits behind the decimal (NOT
the whole number)– EX: Atomic mass for: Carbon _________
Lithium_________ Neon__________ Sodium_________
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How can you tell the number of neutrons an atom has?
• The atomic mass rounded off is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
• To get the number of neutrons: round of the atomic mass and subtract the atomic number from it (remember: round of the bigger number and subtract the smaller number to get neutrons)
• EX: Na 23 – 11 = 12 (number of neutrons)• Atomic mass – Atomic number = Neutrons
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What is the number of neutrons in the following?
Carbon _________ Neon________
Lithium_________ Sodium________
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What is a family on the periodic table?
• A vertical column• Each family consists of element with similar
properties• AKA: Groups
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Alkali Metals
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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Transition Metals
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Boron Family
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Carbon Family
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Nitrogen Family
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Oxygen Family
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Halogens
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Nobel Gases
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Lanthanides & Actinides
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What is a period on the periodic table?
• A horizontal row• There are 7 periods on the periodic table
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What is special about a period?
• All the elements within a period have the same number of energy levels (when you draw the Bohr models, the energy levels are the circles)
• EX: Period 1 = 1 energy level Period 3 = 3 energy levels
Period 5 = 5 energy levels
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Where are the metals located on the periodic table?
• Metals are on the left side of the staircase (zig-zag line)
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Properties of Metals:
• Most are solids at room temperature• Have luster (shiny)• Good conductors of heat and electricity• Malleable (can be hammered into sheets)• Ductile (can be made into wires)
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Where are the nonmetals located on the periodic table?
• Nonmetals are on the right side of the staircase (zig-zag line)
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Properties of Nonmetals:
• Most are gases or solids at room temperture• Brittle (break easily)• Dull in appearance• NOT good conductors of heat and electricity
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Where are the metalloids located on the periodic table?
• Metalloids touch a side of the staircase (zig-zag line)
• The followingtouch the linebut are NOT metalloids:
AluminumPolonium
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Properties of Metalloids:
• Metalloids have some properties of both metals and nonmetals