Download - GFG-April 15.2012.pdf
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SOILS amp NUTRIEN
APRIL 15 2012 wwwgoodfruitcom VOL 63 NO 8
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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2 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
24
32
14
FEATURES
SOILS amp NUTRIENTS
18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
20 Protect peaches from nematodes
To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes
that transmit them
22 Organic matter matters
Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties
24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts
about making profitable orchards
26 Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices make the most money
28 Orchard floor management
Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored
30 Glyphosate resistance
Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant
32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe
8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright
Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi
10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered
Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control
14 Pheromones explored for psylla
16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks
becoming a commodity
wwwgoodfruitcom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD GRAPE GROWER
36 Options for when
itrsquos time to replant
Identify why a vineyard needs
replanting before planning
how to do it
38 Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
DEPARTMENTS
6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go
40 Good Stuff
41 Good Deals
45 Advertiser Index
45 Classifieds
46 Last Bite Braeburn
WEB EXTRAS
Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit
industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER
staff writers
Fertilizing pear orchard
Walter Hugh Ranch
Hood River Valley
Oregon
photo by laNce JohNsoN
yakima washiNgtoN
22 James Cassidy
30 Brad Hanson
18 Ron Perry
36
copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN
Managing Editor Jim Black
jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512
EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330
Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen
mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001
Advertising ManagerDoug Button
dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514
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rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517
Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516
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nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513
ProductionAurora Lee
rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518
CirculationSteve Call
stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515
Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin
Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well
Mike Wittenbach
US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the
Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good
Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement
POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177
copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA
105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901
509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521
E-mail growinggoodfruitcom
wwwgoodfruitcom
growing with growers since 1946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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S
Y
S S
T
E
M
trade
S E
R
I E
S
AGRO-K CORPORATION
copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California
Sysstem-CALreg
The Perfect
PGR Partner
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same
time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important
early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the
developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal
growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K
can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools
used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are
critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you
can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic
calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar
calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner
Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos
positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound
effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life
In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene
(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had
smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg
128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the
treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo
Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want
early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from
WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly
systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit
wwwagro-kcom
trade reg
Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545
Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm
2271 4617 67 6699 556 625
Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605
Untreated Control Control 156 c
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm
191 b
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a
Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130
Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
390 370 240
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
0 wk
Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009
1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013
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We ship nationwide so please call
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Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
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QUICK BITES
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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Free from fungus apples
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
REQUEST FREE SAMPLE
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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
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THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
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Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
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The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
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THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
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LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
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Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications
R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS
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R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO
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After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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Deserves World Class Care
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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30 Fire Protection Ventilation
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
(USPP 11992) JonaStar JonaGoldtrade
(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
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MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
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2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 248
2 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for useDuPont trade Fontelis trade may not be registered for sale or use in all states Contact yourDuPont representative for details and availability in your stateThe DuPont Oval Logo DuPont trade The miracles of science trade and Fontelis trade are trademarksor registered trademarks of DuPont or its affiliatesCopyright copy 2012 EI du Pont de Nemours and Company All Rights Reserved SPEPN025610P424AVA
Why take a chance Now you have disease control thatrsquos ready for just about anythingNew DuPonttrade Fontelistrade fungicide delivers broader-spectrum coverage for fast-acting and
long-lasting protection thatrsquos preventive and curative Itrsquos the power and flexibility you
need to improve your odds for high-quality high-yielding crops fontelisdupontcom
Count on DuPontto help you deal withjust about anything
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
24
32
14
FEATURES
SOILS amp NUTRIENTS
18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
20 Protect peaches from nematodes
To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes
that transmit them
22 Organic matter matters
Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties
24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts
about making profitable orchards
26 Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices make the most money
28 Orchard floor management
Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored
30 Glyphosate resistance
Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant
32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe
8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright
Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi
10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered
Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control
14 Pheromones explored for psylla
16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks
becoming a commodity
wwwgoodfruitcom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 448
4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD GRAPE GROWER
36 Options for when
itrsquos time to replant
Identify why a vineyard needs
replanting before planning
how to do it
38 Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
DEPARTMENTS
6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go
40 Good Stuff
41 Good Deals
45 Advertiser Index
45 Classifieds
46 Last Bite Braeburn
WEB EXTRAS
Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit
industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER
staff writers
Fertilizing pear orchard
Walter Hugh Ranch
Hood River Valley
Oregon
photo by laNce JohNsoN
yakima washiNgtoN
22 James Cassidy
30 Brad Hanson
18 Ron Perry
36
copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN
Managing Editor Jim Black
jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512
EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330
Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen
mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001
Advertising ManagerDoug Button
dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514
Advertising SalesRick Larsen
rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517
Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516
Production Manager Nancy Jo Born
nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513
ProductionAurora Lee
rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518
CirculationSteve Call
stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515
Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin
Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well
Mike Wittenbach
US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the
Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good
Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement
POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177
copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA
105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901
509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521
E-mail growinggoodfruitcom
wwwgoodfruitcom
growing with growers since 1946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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S
Y
S S
T
E
M
trade
S E
R
I E
S
AGRO-K CORPORATION
copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California
Sysstem-CALreg
The Perfect
PGR Partner
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same
time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important
early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the
developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal
growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K
can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools
used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are
critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you
can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic
calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar
calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner
Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos
positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound
effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life
In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene
(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had
smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg
128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the
treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo
Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want
early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from
WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly
systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit
wwwagro-kcom
trade reg
Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545
Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm
2271 4617 67 6699 556 625
Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605
Untreated Control Control 156 c
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm
191 b
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a
Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130
Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
390 370 240
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
0 wk
Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009
1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013
Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks
509662-6931 wwwcameronnurserycom
1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330
We ship nationwide so please call
for price and availability
Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
ptvergyakgenextnet
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for the latest
industry news
QUICK BITES
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo
ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo
Free from fungus apples
stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and
works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases
improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
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to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
REQUEST FREE SAMPLE
Nelson engineers have
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Technology in the 25 years
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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
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Long wear life
THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers
Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
Modularity
Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles
The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
via an ingenious new diffuser technology
A road guard
THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
Even lower application rates with high uniformity
THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
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distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity
First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
on portable pipe in the United States
LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi
Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications
R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS
New two-speed rotation technology
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of throw
R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO
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And full protection from insect intrusion
After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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30 Fire Protection Ventilation
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
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(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
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2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
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General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
24
32
14
FEATURES
SOILS amp NUTRIENTS
18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
20 Protect peaches from nematodes
To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes
that transmit them
22 Organic matter matters
Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties
24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts
about making profitable orchards
26 Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices make the most money
28 Orchard floor management
Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored
30 Glyphosate resistance
Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant
32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe
8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright
Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi
10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered
Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control
14 Pheromones explored for psylla
16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks
becoming a commodity
wwwgoodfruitcom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD GRAPE GROWER
36 Options for when
itrsquos time to replant
Identify why a vineyard needs
replanting before planning
how to do it
38 Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
DEPARTMENTS
6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go
40 Good Stuff
41 Good Deals
45 Advertiser Index
45 Classifieds
46 Last Bite Braeburn
WEB EXTRAS
Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit
industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER
staff writers
Fertilizing pear orchard
Walter Hugh Ranch
Hood River Valley
Oregon
photo by laNce JohNsoN
yakima washiNgtoN
22 James Cassidy
30 Brad Hanson
18 Ron Perry
36
copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN
Managing Editor Jim Black
jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512
EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330
Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen
mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001
Advertising ManagerDoug Button
dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514
Advertising SalesRick Larsen
rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517
Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516
Production Manager Nancy Jo Born
nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513
ProductionAurora Lee
rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518
CirculationSteve Call
stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515
Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin
Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well
Mike Wittenbach
US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the
Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good
Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement
POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177
copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA
105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901
509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521
E-mail growinggoodfruitcom
wwwgoodfruitcom
growing with growers since 1946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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S
Y
S S
T
E
M
trade
S E
R
I E
S
AGRO-K CORPORATION
copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California
Sysstem-CALreg
The Perfect
PGR Partner
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same
time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important
early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the
developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal
growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K
can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools
used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are
critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you
can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic
calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar
calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner
Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos
positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound
effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life
In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene
(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had
smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg
128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the
treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo
Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want
early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from
WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly
systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit
wwwagro-kcom
trade reg
Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545
Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm
2271 4617 67 6699 556 625
Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605
Untreated Control Control 156 c
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm
191 b
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a
Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130
Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
390 370 240
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
0 wk
Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009
1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013
Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks
509662-6931 wwwcameronnurserycom
1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330
We ship nationwide so please call
for price and availability
Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
ptvergyakgenextnet
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for the latest
industry news
QUICK BITES
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo
ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo
Free from fungus apples
stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and
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improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
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to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
REQUEST FREE SAMPLE
Nelson engineers have
made an impressive number
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Technology in the 25 years
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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
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Long wear life
THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers
Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
Modularity
Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles
The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
via an ingenious new diffuser technology
A road guard
THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
Even lower application rates with high uniformity
THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
Enclosed plate channel and new plate bearing increase
distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity
First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
on portable pipe in the United States
LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi
Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications
R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS
New two-speed rotation technology
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of throw
R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO
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And full protection from insect intrusion
After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the
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infonelsonirrigationcom
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
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By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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30 Fire Protection Ventilation
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
(USPP 11992) JonaStar JonaGoldtrade
(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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POLLINATION
CREATING
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MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
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2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
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General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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amp amp(
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
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bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 448
4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD GRAPE GROWER
36 Options for when
itrsquos time to replant
Identify why a vineyard needs
replanting before planning
how to do it
38 Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
DEPARTMENTS
6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go
40 Good Stuff
41 Good Deals
45 Advertiser Index
45 Classifieds
46 Last Bite Braeburn
WEB EXTRAS
Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit
industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER
staff writers
Fertilizing pear orchard
Walter Hugh Ranch
Hood River Valley
Oregon
photo by laNce JohNsoN
yakima washiNgtoN
22 James Cassidy
30 Brad Hanson
18 Ron Perry
36
copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN
Managing Editor Jim Black
jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512
EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330
Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen
mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001
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dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514
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rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517
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nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513
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rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518
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stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515
Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin
Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well
Mike Wittenbach
US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the
Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good
Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement
POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177
copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA
105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901
509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521
E-mail growinggoodfruitcom
wwwgoodfruitcom
growing with growers since 1946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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S
Y
S S
T
E
M
trade
S E
R
I E
S
AGRO-K CORPORATION
copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California
Sysstem-CALreg
The Perfect
PGR Partner
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same
time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important
early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the
developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal
growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K
can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools
used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are
critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you
can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic
calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar
calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner
Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos
positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound
effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life
In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene
(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had
smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg
128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the
treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo
Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want
early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from
WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly
systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit
wwwagro-kcom
trade reg
Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545
Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm
2271 4617 67 6699 556 625
Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605
Untreated Control Control 156 c
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm
191 b
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a
Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130
Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
390 370 240
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
0 wk
Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009
1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013
Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks
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1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330
We ship nationwide so please call
for price and availability
Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
ptvergyakgenextnet
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industry news
QUICK BITES
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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Free from fungus apples
stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and
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Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
REQUEST FREE SAMPLE
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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
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Long wear life
THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers
Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
Modularity
Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles
The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
via an ingenious new diffuser technology
A road guard
THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
Even lower application rates with high uniformity
THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
Enclosed plate channel and new plate bearing increase
distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity
First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
on portable pipe in the United States
LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi
Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications
R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS
New two-speed rotation technology
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R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO
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After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus
CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
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Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
When it comes to fungicides
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
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By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
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on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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yelsean KyRinf
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oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
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yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
quickwith
tionoduc
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he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
yompanegor CcGrhe M T
5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
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(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
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NECTARINES
PEACHES
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PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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OrchardTree removal
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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amp amp(
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morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 548
S
Y
S S
T
E
M
trade
S E
R
I E
S
AGRO-K CORPORATION
copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California
Sysstem-CALreg
The Perfect
PGR Partner
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same
time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important
early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the
developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal
growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K
can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools
used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are
critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you
can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic
calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar
calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner
Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos
positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound
effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life
In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene
(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had
smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg
128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the
treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo
Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want
early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from
WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly
systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit
wwwagro-kcom
trade reg
Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545
Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm
2271 4617 67 6699 556 625
Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605
Untreated Control Control 156 c
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm
191 b
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal
Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-
CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a
Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130
Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
390 370 240
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
0 wk
Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009
1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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We ship nationwide so please call
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Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
ptvergyakgenextnet
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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
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Free from fungus apples
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
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Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
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Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
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Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
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T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
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1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus
CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about
Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works
inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos
quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
In short Luna helps keep your cherries healthy so you can deliver a
high quality product and deliver more of it Can you really afford to
wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
ldquoWithout Lunareg
life would be the pitsrdquo
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1448
14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others
By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit
almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend
on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and
seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
Syngenta Inspire
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
Pasco WA | 5095459329
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Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions
Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176
CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
you expect and deserve
100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR
yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
yompanegor CcGrhe M T
5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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30 Fire Protection Ventilation
O R D E R
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
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1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
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140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
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John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
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Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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different combinations
of saws and saw blades
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has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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POLLINATION
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
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NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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for more
information
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Significantly improves quality
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
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CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
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o
reg
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1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
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I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648
WSU begins
facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f
two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance
WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16
Fruit Commissionannounces appointments
The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term
Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease
A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle
fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil
6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013
Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks
509662-6931 wwwcameronnurserycom
1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330
We ship nationwide so please call
for price and availability
Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689
ptvergyakgenextnet
CONTRACTS FOR 2013 2014 2015
Custom Contracted ApplePear Cherry amp Peach Trees
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VERY COMPETITIVE PRICING
H I G H E S T Q U AL I T Y F R U I T T R E E S
Call for
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Go to
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for the latest
industry news
QUICK BITES
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 748
Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo
ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo
Free from fungus apples
stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and
works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases
improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
In short Luna helps keep your apples healthy so you can deliver
a high quality product and deliver more of it Can you really afford
to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
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1998 mdash R2000WF
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about
Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works
inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
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yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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tionoduc
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he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
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opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
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der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
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Now at six locations
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ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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If you needbench grafts
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Using
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
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SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
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509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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C H E C K O U T
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T R E E G R O W I N
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L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 748
Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo
ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo
Free from fungus apples
stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and
works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases
improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
In short Luna helps keep your apples healthy so you can deliver
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to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
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Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
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Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
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Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
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T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
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Long wear life
THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers
Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
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The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
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A road guard
THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
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THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus
CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
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Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
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By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
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on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
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yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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opia5251 Elt
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5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
yompanegor CcGrhe M T
5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
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bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
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(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
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September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
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No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
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agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
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I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 848
8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook
by Richard Lehnert
Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker
ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all
hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo
ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo
The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price premium
His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo
About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise
ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now
What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done
In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo
OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law
bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times
Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231
dougagslongcom
GS Long Co
Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom
a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional
old resulting in increased application rates and repeated
calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to
accomplish your goals
Through the science of Redox we have solutions that
lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash
including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving
or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing
the overall cost of treatments
Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions
are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility
management But the results that matter are the show up
in exceptional yields and not in the streams
Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow
ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line
Distributed By
Green Through Better Technology
Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom
T H E
P O
W E R
O F
NA TUR E
T H E S C I E
N C E
O F
R E D O X
Desmond OrsquoRourke
ldquoWalmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948
Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
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THE R10 OFFERED
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THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
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distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity
First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about
Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works
inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
When it comes to fungicides
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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
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By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
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oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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tionoduc
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he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
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opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
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der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
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their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
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Built for where crop
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Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the
US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a
ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic
uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China
ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo
World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added
In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed
exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent
changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said
Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income
spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples
Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples
By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices
down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets
ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the
other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples
ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said
In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo
The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said
Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
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2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1448
14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
When it comes to fungicides
one star seems to stand out
The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others
By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit
almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend
on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and
seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
Syngenta Inspire
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
Pasco WA | 5095459329
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Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions
Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176
CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR
yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
yompanegor CcGrhe M T
5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
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AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
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509-839-5131
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See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
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John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
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different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
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October September 6
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December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
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No job too big or small
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Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048
10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment
by Geraldine Warner
T
he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University
In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research
assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit
The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass
At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an
a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits
Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues
ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa
Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo
BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for
Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f
cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru
Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done
ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn
amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo
The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop
Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses
McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull
ldquoWersquore now no
longer at the
tablerdquomdashGip Redma
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
1991 mdash BR200
1997 mdash R5
1991 mdash R10
1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
2009 mdash R33
REQUEST FREE SAMPLE
Nelson engineers have
made an impressive number
of advancements to Rotator
Technology in the 25 years
since the sale of the first
R20 back in 1987
FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED
No riser vibration
No hang up in weeds or crop
No splash down from impact arm
Long wear life
THE R10 OFFERED
Lower application rates
Color-coded nozzles
A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers
Highly uniform full coverage irrigation
THE BR200 INTRODUCED
Modularity
Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles
The ACME thread
THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED
Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity
via an ingenious new diffuser technology
A road guard
THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
Even lower application rates with high uniformity
THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo
Enclosed plate channel and new plate bearing increase
distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity
First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
on portable pipe in the United States
LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi
Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications
R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS
New two-speed rotation technology
improves uniformity in larger-sized
sprinklers and provides greater distance
of throw
R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO
A NEW LEVEL
The most durable micro-sprinkler
and stake assembly ever sold
The first rapid flush-and-clean
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The first complete protection of
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And full protection from insect intrusion
After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the
fruit industry for its tremendous support of our
Rotator Technology We affirm our commitment
to continue to develop innovations that will
improve the state-of-the-art of agricultural
irrigation
CONTACT US FOR A FREE R5 ROTATOR
POP-UP AND RECEIVE A NELSON ROTATOR
TECHNOLOGY HAT REFERENCE GFG 412
Nelson Irrigation Corporation
848 Airport Road Walla Walla WA 99362
Tel 5095257660 mdash Fax 5095257907
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wwwnelsonirrigationcom
Rotatorreg Evolution
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1248
12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
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oundfbecanbusiness
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
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509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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OrchardTree removal
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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amp amp(
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
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bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
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Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
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Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
2010 mdash R5 POP-UP
1987 mdash R20
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1997 mdash R5
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1994 mdash R2000
These products are no longer inproduction
1998 mdash R2000WF
2007 mdash R2000LP
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Lower application rates
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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage
Even lower application rates with high uniformity
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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)
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LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
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Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
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The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
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OREGON
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PASCO
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Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
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See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
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Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
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Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
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ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
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Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control
by Geraldine Warner
P
ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business
Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are
also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops
Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help
ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pearesearch review
Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other
organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals
ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to
losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold
which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable
Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced
Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla
Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real
ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said
Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said
In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance
Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu
for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier
ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu
ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns
ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo
Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru
Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions
The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull
ldquoTherersquos no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine
Fred Valentine
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
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COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
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S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
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Using
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Since 1948
ORCHARD
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SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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C H E C K O U T
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GRAFTING SERVICES
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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348
Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered
in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus
CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about
Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works
inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos
quality longer shelf life and increased marketability
In short Luna helps keep your cherries healthy so you can deliver a
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wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom
ldquoWithout Lunareg
life would be the pitsrdquo
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
When it comes to fungicides
one star seems to stand out
The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others
By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit
almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend
on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and
seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
Syngenta Inspire
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
Pasco WA | 5095459329
Wenatchee WA | 5096638753
Yakima WA | 5092486171
Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions
Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176
CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
you expect and deserve
100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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Kennewick WA5096273917
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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
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(USPP 10840) reg
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
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Fanno Saw Works
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
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509-877-3193
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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
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509-932-4242
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509-667-8180
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509-453-9983
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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
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wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
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HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
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509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
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We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
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GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
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October September 6
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December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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ldquoDependableFrost
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fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures
by Geraldine Warner
R
educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists
say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role
Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective
Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in
Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the
orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could
affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating
Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur
simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said
Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps
Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying
Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits
Horton said that a scientist in Japa
has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down
ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo
RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe
lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound
ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period
When it comes to fungicides
one star seems to stand out
The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of
Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others
By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second
highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit
almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend
on its superior performance Proven across the
world it stops disease in its tracks For power and
reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the
classrdquo Inspire Super
copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The
instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and
seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412
Syngenta Inspire
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
you expect and deserve
100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
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(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
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NECTARINES
PEACHES
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PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
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General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-
merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull
Dave Horton USDA-Yakima
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
Pasco WA | 5095459329
Wenatchee WA | 5096638753
Yakima WA | 5092486171
Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions
Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176
CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
you expect and deserve
100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR
yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
quickwith
tionoduc
orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
yompanegor CcGrhe M T
5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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30 Fire Protection Ventilation
O R D E R
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
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+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
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$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
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AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
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Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
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COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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different combinations
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
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Representing leading nurseries
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From Grower to Grower
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-932-4242
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509-453-9983
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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
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wwwwilsonirrcom
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
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YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
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If you needbench grafts
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we cando it
Using
proven
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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O U R C O N T RA C
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F O R A VA I LA B I
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GRAFTING SERVICES
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to
keep the plant vigor in motion with proper
balance of nutrients
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
you expect and deserve
100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
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COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
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their embersemployees
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Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
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Call DAN 509-930-1420
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If you needbench grafts
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Using
proven
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
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509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
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Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
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Built for where crop
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
Keep the Gearsin Motion
Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining
the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO
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CALCIUM 6
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace
Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage
ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other
ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties
ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the
marketplacerdquo
Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a
great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under onename
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each
othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho
could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull
Rainier Fruit Company is focusing
on promoting Junami before taking
on other managed varieties
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY
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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom
Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters
2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e
Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3
Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR
yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
quickwith
tionoduc
orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
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5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
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(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
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October September 6
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December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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Walking FloorLive Floor
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No job too big or small
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Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848
18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on
weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January
ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get
greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer
ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study
Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings
Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo
Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio
is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar
ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment
At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said
In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within
month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o
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Soils amp Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
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yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
quickwith
tionoduc
orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
w
opia5251 Elt
T
5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
5092974296opia Eltdest RW
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5096273917Kennewick
der Relt1020 S Clodf
CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
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The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
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it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
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packers shippers and
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are eligible to receive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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Products and services for progressive growers
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
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Available 2012 for your cherry needs
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
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in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
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Representing leading nurseries
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From Grower to Grower
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
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We Repair
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ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
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If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
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SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
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509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
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L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
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GRAFTING SERVICES
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Crop amp
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
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1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948
branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-
stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1
WIND MACHINESmdash
The standard by which all others are measured
ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in
Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart
We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo
George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan
For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for
three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and
spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures
The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg
are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On
poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo
Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio
Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs
reg
My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves
These machines really work
1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612
For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
Researchers used a grape hoe to build
a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor
BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from
tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential
of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids
bull When covered root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer
bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter
bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor
p h o t o b
y R o N
p E R R y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
Deserves World Class Care
yelsean KyRinf
withkedorwnetellwear
oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR
yompanegor CcGrM
oundfbecanbusiness
vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy
andevicsertisexperehe T
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tionoduc
orflinesequipped
he Tta
darviney
toducpr
ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
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opia5251 Elt
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5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM
ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
omcegorrmcgwww
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5096273917Kennewick
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
(USPP 11992) JonaStar JonaGoldtrade
(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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POLLINATION
CREATING
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MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
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No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048
20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
P
each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it
Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other
stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple
and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-
nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention
Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees
Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus
ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds
Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the
South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring
If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep
tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees
Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit
than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an
improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu
pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter
bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production
bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation
Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them
by Richard Lehnert
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921
5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
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COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
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S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
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If you needbench grafts
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Using
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Since 1948
ORCHARD
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SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
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P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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Insurance
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May 15 April 20
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December November 1
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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Member of Better Business Bureau
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Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
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o
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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
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Subscribe today goodfruitcom
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148
Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-
ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-
uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even
better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated
ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
A f f o rd a b l e
F r o s t A l a r m s
Leah Bosma
wins iPad Although entries came in from around the
world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash
less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters
in Yakima Congratulations Leah
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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Deserves World Class Care
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oducprganicoramptionalenvonc
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor
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opia5251 Elt
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ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
IMPROVED
Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters
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5095200686
bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
bull Apricotsbull Plums
bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
bull Increases honeybee activity
bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts
J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
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Available 2012 for your cherry needs
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Most all rootstocks
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509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
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Representing leading nurseries
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
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If you needbench grafts
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Using
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Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
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GRAFTING SERVICES
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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morganearthmovingcom
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
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Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
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apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
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Built for where crop
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248
22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Organicmattermatters
Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run
university farmCassidy known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit
Soil is the most diverse habi-
tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air
and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year
Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are
foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and
clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force
DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in
between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo
Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots
Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution
ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates
ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem
Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge
ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway
A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig
Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number
Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po
tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms
The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull
Organic matter has
a big influence on
soil properties
by Melissa Hansen
Soils amp Nutrients
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i
may take several years
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
1560 S Main
Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296
wwwmcgregorcom
Deserves World Class Care
World Class Fruit
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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opia5251 Elt
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ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator
WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE
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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
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The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
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it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
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For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
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CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
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Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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Quality Fruit Trees
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We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
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Using
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
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Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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O U R C O N T RA C
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L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
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We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
1020 S Clodfelter Rd
Kennewick WA5096273917
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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205
The McGregor Company
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Deserves World Class Care
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oundfbecanbusiness
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he Tta
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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR
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CONTROLLED POLLINATION
HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip
Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom
NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos
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bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries
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J
ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo
Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits
Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said
ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre
ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen
ORGANIC MATTER convert
p h o t o b
y g l e n n
m c g o u r t y
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
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The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
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it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Quality Fruit Trees
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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448
24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem
But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February
Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can
coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said
He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here
are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-
vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo
mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said
mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity
mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows
PLANNINGnew apple
orchardsCornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughtsabout making
profitable orchards
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
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FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
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Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
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email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
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509-884-7041
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Still available for
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bullBUENA509-865-9100
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ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
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Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
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P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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Insurance
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548
mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf
mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market
To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains
of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango
In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith
New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple
bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards
ldquoIrsquom convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson
p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d
l e h n e r t
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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built to meet
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8 x 8 10 x 30
8 x 10 x 30
Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
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+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL
AWESOMEVALUABLE
Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)
Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
Schlect Spur Delicioustrade
September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab
Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
Zestartrade (USPP 11367)
trade reg trade reg
trade trade trade trade
Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
APPLES
CHERRIES
Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade
(USPP 7197) Indian Summer Crab Joburntrade Braeburn
(USPP 11992) JonaStar JonaGoldtrade
(USPP 20590)
LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)
Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade
(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg
(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab
trade
trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
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NO fees
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-932-4242
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509-544-9000
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509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
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HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
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Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
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--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
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GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
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October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
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No job too big or small
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ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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509-925-9720
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1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
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509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648
26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist
But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important
ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February
But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing
In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor
Get spacing and rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money
by Richard Lehnert
Soils amp Nutrients
climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig
varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th
order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp
Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f
some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now
In making rootstock decisions to get the rig
rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil
mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil
mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac
of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t
spindle system trees to keep trees slender
Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration
will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga
and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an
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Contaiment Pan
Shelving
Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking
about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
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$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
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ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers
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Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)
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Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)
Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)
Buckeyereg Gala
(USPP 10840) reg
(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious
Rising Sun Fujireg
RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)
RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)
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September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)
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Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)
Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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trade reg reg
These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
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5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
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78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
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509-547-0541
800-735-1142
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Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
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541-442-5400
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509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
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Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
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Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
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Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
PRUNING
GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops
bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
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information
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Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
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July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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OrchardTree removal
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
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$
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
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GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748
M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said
ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-
nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-
demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large
So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said
ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said
Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of
M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106
The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just
smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size
Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is
critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New
York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said
Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said
G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-
ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month
delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine
Density effectRobinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing
rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing
itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its
size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer
Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h
said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar
branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know
about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp
+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $
amp $$amp $ amp +-
$ $ $ amp amp
The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink
variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a
variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States
ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg
Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp
amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg
Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be
sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets
US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg
Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $
$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp
The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead
it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system
amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp
wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp
pinkladyrepembarqmailcom
Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports
Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton
ldquoThere will be
500000 G11 liners
planted in USnurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg
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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
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COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
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S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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If you needbench grafts
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Since 1948
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May 15 April 20
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
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protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848
28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants
by Richard Lehnert
A
well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it
doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind
ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat
could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo
That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard
ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing
ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said
While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides
Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast
In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33
to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said
Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar
today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated
Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency
Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water
Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery
No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles
Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row
Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming
plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits
VAPOR GARD
reg
FOR CHERRIES
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING
INCREASED SHELF LIFE
SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP
800-233-2040
N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e
Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits
INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)
INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
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F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
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For more information contact
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
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Available 2012 for your cherry needs
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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Most all rootstocks
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509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
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Now at six locations
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GOOD FRUIT GROWER
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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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Since 1948
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests
by Richard Lehnert
Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them
Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses
that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers
ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do
ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo
ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well
In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit
ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of
herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it
With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys
Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513
8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)
8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
Fax 9256346040
wwwprotreenurserycom
We love what we do and you make it possible
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today
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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but
repeated tillage damages soil structure
ldquoWe know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer
p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e
k
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
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509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
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almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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different combinations
of saws and saw blades
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
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CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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NEW
Banning
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in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
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USPP 10104
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
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cell 509-961-7383
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From Grower to Grower
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NO fees
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
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509-667-8180
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509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
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wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
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--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
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Significantly improves quality
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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
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If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
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P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
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CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
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ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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ldquoDependableFrost
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1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong
ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat
What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon
MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die
When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site
In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s
Glyphosateresistance
Some orchard and
vineyard weeds
are resistant
by Geraldine Warner
Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to
glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to
bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette
ldquoThatrsquos
trouble
brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson
Soils amp Nutrients
30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
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509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
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Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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different combinations
of saws and saw blades
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
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2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
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509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
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T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
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October September 6
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December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
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TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
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ldquoDependableFrost
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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I m p r o v e P
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1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
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MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)
Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)
ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo
Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a
weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said
ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate
crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at
high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance
but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
Glycine
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
Bipyridilium
Multiple resistant
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
Synthetic auxin
N U
M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T
W E E D S P E C I E S
SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg
REPRESENTATIVES
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom
ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION
Quality from the Start
APPLES
Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift
CHERRIES
Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold
Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade
PEARS
Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice
PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory
Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom
Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom
F
or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from
wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
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5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
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78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
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509-547-0541
800-735-1142
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Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
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541-442-5400
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509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
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Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
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Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
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Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
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hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
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packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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Products and services for progressive growers
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Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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reputation for quality and
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itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
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has and will continue to
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for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
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NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
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in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
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USPP 10104
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
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NO fees
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Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
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509-932-4242
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509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
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--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
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1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
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Significantly improves quality
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
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September August 8
October September 6
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December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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No job too big or small
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Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
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Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
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o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248
32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-
cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years
Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)
Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate
In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2
(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n
Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control
by Richard Lehnert
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLE
THESPIDER
POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner
N NOMORE LS
N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y
Soils amp Nutrients
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
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PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
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503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
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ORDER NOW 2012-2013
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Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
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Best trees
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Still available for
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reg
Now at six locations
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509-453-9983
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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
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wils n
HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
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May 15 April 20
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
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No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
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ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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Subscribe today goodfruitcom
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348
weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall
Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-
Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-
grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes
There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
p h o t o b
y R I C h A R D
L E h N E R t
Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program
shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
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2012-2013
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
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General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448
34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt
Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent
Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the
same job but the rates required can differ
by Geraldine Warner
For moreinformationdownload
the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf
Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action
24-D many synthetic auxin
acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation
carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor
clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation
dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor
glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor
indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor
isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor
napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor
paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor
pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor
rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor
simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor
SOURCE University of California IPM
Soils amp Nutrients
MIX it up
S
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on
repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as
bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg
of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio
mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control
To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
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Free Shipping Call for free brochure
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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
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Available 2012 for your cherry needs
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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Most all rootstocks
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509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
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Now at six locations
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509-453-9983
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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
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We Repair
All Brands of
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
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Since 1948
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If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
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L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
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GRAFTING SERVICES
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548
SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant
which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves
Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface
contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness
Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you
want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol
Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and
prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it
Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or
ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium
sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations
Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might
not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted
knapweed
Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than
a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate
DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will
also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product
Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-
umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant
Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-
sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed
Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out
into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the
plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the
contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo
ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how
well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues
It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments
Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most
vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide
Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
ldquoHit it with
glyphosate
first and
come back
later withthe contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quickrdquomdashTim Miller
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
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Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
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hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
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800-989-7351
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140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
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See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
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Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
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62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
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Large Selection
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berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
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packers shippers and
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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
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17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
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800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
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Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
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Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
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Write for catalog and nearest distributor
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Is your orchard
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NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
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CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
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like our rootstockour service will grow on you
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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
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NEW
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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
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Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
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Still available for
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Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
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509-544-9000
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509-667-8180
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509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
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wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
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HIGH DENSITY
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We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
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Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
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Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
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If you needbench grafts
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Using
proven
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and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
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C H E C K O U T
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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
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mdash Since 1974 mdash
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MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648
36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it
by Melissa Hansen
Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard
eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties
But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February
In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the
ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes
from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll
diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot
ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo
Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted
is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo
If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but
the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo
But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes
Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis
place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching
ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an
pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface
ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo
bull
Options for when itrsquos time to replant
A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring
INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out
Grapes
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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POLLINATION
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
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Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
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NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
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509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
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Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
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Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
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o
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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
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reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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amp amp(
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Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
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bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
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agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
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550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
There are many goodreasons for growersto use
NU FILM 17reg
NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has
demonstrated one very important thinghellip
NU FILM 17reg
Is Consistent amp
Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems
Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17
They are watching out for your bottom line
For additional information or for the phone
number of your local Miller representative call
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
NU FILM 17reg
A Growing Legacy Since 1816
Popular varieties and sizes are still available
Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call
wwwrdoequipmentcom
The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture
to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower
will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping
deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company
PENDLETON
5401 NW Rieth Rd
541-276-6341
800-422-5598
OREGON
HERMISTON
78200 S Hwy 207
541-567-8327
800-357-7925
WASHINGTON
PASCO
1707 E James
509-547-0541
800-735-1142
Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co
Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series
The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have
to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor
that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E
Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or
MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need
a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers
hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options
WASCO
95421 Hwy 206
541-442-5400
800-989-7351
SUNNYSIDE
140 Midvale Rd
509-839-5131
800-745-4027
See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details
Maximize Your Uptime
Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At
RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your
John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash
we set a new industry standard by going beyond the
John Deere warranty
Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
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GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
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bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
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1-800-487-9946
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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
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amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
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General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
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WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
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o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
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$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848
38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Reestablishinga vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases
by Melissa Hansen
When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers
must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington
ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place
Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-
todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting
Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards
Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops
WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard
Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint
Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare
VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines
To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything
In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo
Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe
the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone
Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted
ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel
and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session
In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull
wwwfarmersequipcom
Other locations in Lynden and Burlington
Cell 509 391-0073
jlopezfarmersequipcom
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor
62-82 PTO hp
Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes
Grapes
An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
PRUNING
GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops
bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3
APRILApril 11mdashMay 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-
tions For details and registration go
to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC
For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720
MAYMay 8ndash22
Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud
and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention
For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents
May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima
Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-
tion call (503) 652-9720
JUNE June 3ndash5
Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For
information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception
following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call
(231) 271-5752
June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth
Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages
organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu
June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of
California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field
tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu
educationptshortcourse
June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois
For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml
JULY July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec
Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
listing of upcoming
events check
the Calendar at
wwwgoodfruitcom
Unmatched Performance
Quality Built and Affordable
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
amp PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903
509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914
hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom
Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed
grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market
Larry Meisner Kerman California
HF HAUFF COMPANY INC
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
PRUNING
GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops
bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048
40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
Tree-injectionsystem
Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement
with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA
n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide
For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom
Online fruittrading
Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than
2600 registered users from more than 100 countries
Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading
Biofungicideregistered
Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung
cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development
The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit
In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries
Trap app
Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app
for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-
neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
fruit and grape
growers
GOOD STUFF
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
PRUNING
GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops
bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
REAL ESTATE
For more information contact
ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom
Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
Ag ComReal Estate
Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable
PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing
COMPOST
EQUIPMENT
Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634
970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom
7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752
Large Selection
High Performance
Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards
berries nurseriesvegetables etc
S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash
AmericanMade
Free Shipping Call for free brochure
785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom
FREE GFG subscription
Washington State
Commercial growers
packers shippers and
their embersemployees
are eligible to receive
Good Fruit Grower
Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive
tree fruit coverage
17 information-packedissues per year
Subscribe today
goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
Products and services for progressive growers
GOOD DEALS
Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge
Fanno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
itself Thatrsquos because
Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in whatwe do We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
for tree care professionals
Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements
Write for catalog and nearest distributor
FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
wwwfannowsawcom
PRUNING
GFG BOOKSTORE
POLLINATION
CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops
bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention
bull Dependable Resource
bull Aged To Perfection
bull Delivery Available
A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC
Call Today
509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944
midvalecattlecogmailcom
Is your orchard
or vineyard missing
NPH amp Micro Elements
SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers
GFG WORKS FOR Y0U
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248
42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
NURSERY STOCK
Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering
and Shade Trees
Since 1982 Specializing in Apple
Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock
email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876
CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
MAXMAreg 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
Available 2012 for your cherry needs
509-877-3193
bftnurseryewbrandtcom
BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS
M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS
503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018
like our rootstockour service will grow on you
all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free
c a n b y o r e g o n
see all of our offerings plus availabilities at
wwwwillamettenurseriescom
NEW
Banning
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business
Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties
USPP 13753
USPP 16624
USPP 10104
USPP 7197
Most all rootstocks
4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802
509-884-7041
Quality Fruit Trees
ORCHARDS amp NURSERY
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE
Representing leading nurseries
cell 509-961-7383
e-mail mbarr5aolcom
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Best trees
2012-2013
APPLES APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
NO fees
8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom
Still available for
2012 delivery
reg
Now at six locations
bullBUENA509-865-9100
bullGRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
bullMATTAWA
509-932-4242
bullPASCO
509-544-9000
bullWENATCHEE
509-667-8180
bullYAKIMA
509-453-9983
ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money
800-232-1174
on-line catalog
wwwwilsonirrcom
Se hablaacute Espantildeol
wils n
HIGH DENSITY
MISCELLANEOUS
We Repair
All Brands of
Aluminum Ladde
rs
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver
Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull
INDUSTRYCOVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST
GOOD FRUIT GROWER
ADS REALLY WORK
We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
Renew your subscription
goodfruitcom
PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard
field or c onstruction sites
bullAvailable with handwashing facilities
bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)
bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available
bullOn-site fiberglass repair
CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES
YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365
S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s
Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards
CrockerrsquosFish Oil
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil
a superior StickerSpreader is a proven
blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray
Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth
--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--
Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848
1-800-700-4983
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM
Visit our Web-site
for more
information
nutri-calcom
Significantly improves quality
firmness storage
CSI CHEMICAL CORP
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Walt Grigg 509-952-7558
Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service
ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo
Call DAN 509-930-1420
509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923
If you needbench grafts
or fieldgraftshellip
we cando it
Using
proven
techniques
and quality materialshellip
Since 1948
ORCHARD
GRAFTING
SERVICES
Uniform Growth
If yoursquore looking for uniform growth
in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo
MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING
509952-6593
When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals
C H E C K O U T
O U R C O N T RA C
T
T R E E G R O W I N
G
P R O G RA M ndash CA
L L
F O R A VA I LA B I
L I T Y
GRAFTING SERVICES
CROP INSURANCE
800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom
Crop amp
Farm
Insurance
CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE
May 15 April 20
June May 8
July June 7
August July 9
September August 8
October September 6
November October 9
December November 1
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448
44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc
GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers
AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower
DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL
ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516
1-800-487-9946
wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION
bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash
BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617
amp)( amp $
OrchardTree removal
Whole tree chipping
Limb amp brush removal
General clean up
Walking FloorLive Floor
983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload
Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure
983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings
No job too big or small
509-965-0123
Member of Better Business Bureau
TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC
Joe Trepanier Owner
ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo
Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline
bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes
bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader
bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates
509-952-8684509-678-4587
CASCADE
WIND MACHINE SERVICE
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom
reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum
WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196
Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114
Distributor
ofhellip
ldquoDependableFrost
Protectionrdquo
bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells
bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs
bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron
Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes
FISH SCREENS
800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333
fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet
o
reg
WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo
POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909
1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903
Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088
reg
For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION
GROWER SERVICES
$
amp amp(
bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
morganearthmovingcom
509-925-9720
GRADUATE
Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling
bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems
bull Equipment Sales
Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966
AGRICULTURAL
CONSULTANTS
agrimgtcom
509-453-4851
Irrigation Design
Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington
The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550reg
I m p r o v e P
l a n t
amp
C r o p P e r f
o r m a n c e
TREEREMOVAL
We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job
1 tree to 100 acres
mdash Since 1974 mdash
GARY J TREPANIER
EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J
Tieton Washington
509678-4769
MEDIA KIT
Subscribe today goodfruitcom
800-487-9946
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748
wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4
We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when
Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids
apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore
protecting your livelihood
Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests
Contact your local UPI distributor
or area UPI sales representative
for more information
We understand
the true value of your crops
Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom
Built for where crop
protection is going
892019 GFG-April 152012pdf
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848