Download - Geosphere
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The geosphere
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The geosphere layers
• The crust. It ‘s the outer layer, made up of solid materials. Rocks.
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The geosphere layers
• The mantle. It is the middle layer. It is extremely hot, up to 4000 º C. In some parts there are liquid rocks called magma.
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The geosphere layers
• The core. It is the inner layer. It is also extremely hot, with temperatures up to 5000ºC-6000ºC.
• It is divided into two layers:– Outer core. Materials are liquid.– Inner core. Materials are solid because the high pressure and density.
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Changes in the Geosphere
• Changes are produced in the geosphere by action of different geological agents:
- Inner agents: volcanoes, earthquakes, tectonic movements- Outer agents:
wind and water.
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Volcanoes
• Volcanoes are formed in places where magma is under the surface.
• When a volcano erupts internal forces push magma up through a central pipe, the chimney or
vent.
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Volcanoes
• Magma is called lava when it reaches the surface.
• This happens also with smoke, and ash through a circular opening called crater.
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Volcanoes
• Layers of lava and ash cool and solidify around the crater and form a volcanic cone.
• Many islands were formed by underwater volcanic eruptions.
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Earthquakes
• Earthquakes are caused by movements of the Earth’s crust.
• They can destroy buildings and bridges.• Earthquakes on the ocean floor produce enormous waves called tsunamis.
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Weathering
• Weathering is the action of water and wind.• Erosion is the removal of soil and rocks by
wind and water.
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Weathering
• Transport is the movement of eroded material, then these materials are accumulated in another place. This is sedimentation
or deposition.
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Rocks
• Rocks are natural materials which make up the Earth’s crust.
• Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are pure materials we cannot break down into other substances.
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Types of rock
• We can classify rocks into three types depending on how they are formed:- Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things. Eg. Coal, gypsum.
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Types of rock
• Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies. Granite and basalt are igneous rocks.
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Types of rock
• Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or preassure changes the original rocks. Marble and slate are metamorphic rocks.
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Types of rock
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The landscape
• All the different features of the Earth’s surface make up the landscape.
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I. Mountain landscapes
• In mountains landscapes we can find mountains and valleys.
• Mountains are raised parts of the Earth’s surface.• Valleys are low areas between mountains.• Rivers are often found in valleys.
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Mountain landscapes
• Several mountains grouped together are called a mountain range.
• A long line of mountain ranges is called a mountain chain.
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Altitude
• Altitude is the height of any point on the Earth’s surface above the sea level.
• In Spain the altitude refers to the sea level in Alicante.
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II. Flat landscapes
• Flat landscapes or plains are large areas of flat land with no mountains or hills.
• A plateau is a plain at a high altitude.• La Mancha is a big plateau situated at about 600 meters above the sea level.
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Flat landscapes
• Depressions are plains which are lower than the sorrounding land. Most of these depressions are covered by water.
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Flat landscapes
• Coastal plains are flat land near the coast (the seaside).
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III. Coastal landscapes
• The coast is the place where the land meets the sea.
• There are two types of coast:– Low-lying coast. Often with sandy beaches.– High coast. With mountains or high areas by the sea. Often with rocky cliffs.