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The Earth and its representation
GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1
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THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EARTH
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THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system is a planetary system.
• Is a group of astronomical objects who surround a star, in this case, the Sun. This objects are:
• The Sun
• The Planets
• The Dwarf Planets
• Other Objects
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THE SUN
• The Sun is the star of our Solar System.
• Also is the biggest astronomical object of our
Solar System.
• The distance of The Sun to the Earth is
approximately 150 million kilometres.
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THE SUN
• How Long takes to us a travel through the space by car at 100km/h with the Sun as goal?
• Answer: 1.500.000 hours, 62.500 days or 171 years.
• The Sun brings to us the energy and light, that are necessary for the life in Earth (For example, the plants can use the sunlight for the photosynthesis process)
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THE PLANETS
• The Planets are the astronomical objects that surround
The Sun. Nowadays are 8:.
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune.
• We can divided in 2 groups:
• Terrestrial planets
• Giant planets
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THE PLANETS
• Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Mars.
• They are the closest planets to The Sun
• Also are the smallest.
• They are planets with a solid surface
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THE PLANETS
• Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus y Neptune.
• They are the biggest planets.
• This planets hasn´t got a solid surface, they are just huge balls of gas or ice.
• Has a lot of Moons. For example, Jupiter has 67
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SIZES
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DWARF PLANETS
• There are very little planets, even more than our Moon.
• The most important is Pluto
• There are much more, like Makemake, Haumea, Ceres o
Eris
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OTHER OBJECTS
• Satellites or Moons. There are objects that surround the
Planets, like our Moon.
• Asteroids
• Comets
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Photos and Video about Solar System
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THE SUN
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MERCURY
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VENUS
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EARTH
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MARS
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JUPITER
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SATURN
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URANUS
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NEPTUNE
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VIDEO
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c_lL6I3OaA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAqT4hXnMw
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THE EARTH
• The Earth was formed 4.600 million years ago (like 57,5
million of human lives). As we saw before, it belongs to the
Solar System and surrounds the Sun.
• Is the only one planet where we can find life until now
• Is called the “blue Planet” because….
• Around the 70% of its surface is water
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THE EARTH
• Is surrounded by the “atmosphere”, a layer of gas that helps
us with a triple function:
• Protect us of the sun radiation
• Regulate the temperature
• Contains a gas called “oxygen” that is necessary for life
• The Earth´s shape is almost a sphere, but is flatter by the
poles
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EXERCISES
• Solar System Map
• Complete the blanks
• Riddles
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ROTATION AND TIME ZONES
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ROTATION
• Is the movement of the Earth around its axis, as a spinning top
• Every rotation movement takes to the Earth approximately 24
hours. (Exactly 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. Therefore,
is what we called “day”.
• The Earth rotates from the East towards the West
• The consequences of this movement are:
• Alternation of day and night
• The Time Zones
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TIME ZONES
• A Time Zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same
standard time.
• As we saw with rotation movement, It´s impossible that all the
places in the Earth has the same time, That is why the Earth is
divided into 24 Time Zones.
• Every place in the Earth that is situated into the same Time
Zone has the same time.
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TIME ZONES
• The Time reference 0 is the City of Greenwich, in England. This
Time Zone is called UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) or GMT
(Greenwich Mean Time).
• In a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock forward one hour
for every time zone we move towards to the East, the next time
zone would be the UTC +1, the next UTC +2 and so on.
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TIME ZONES
• However, in a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock
backward one hour for every time zone we move towards to the
West, the next time zone would be the UTC -1, the next UTC -2
and so on
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VIDEO
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j-SWKtWEcU
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EXERCISE
• Complete the blanks
• Time Zones. Map
• 1. We are living in London and it is 12 hours o clock. What time is it in these cities?
• Los Angeles, New York, Beijing.
• 2. We are living in Moscow and it is 14hours o clock. What time is it in these cities?
• Buenos Aires, Bogotá, Tokyo.
• 2nd Exercise
• Instructions
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ORBIT AND SEASONS OF THE YEAR
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ORBIT
• The orbit is the movement of the Earth surrounding the Sun
• This orbit is elliptical, not circular.
• This movement takes to the Earth approximately 365 days,
is what we called Year
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ORBIT
• Exactly takes to the Earth 365 days and 6 hours, that´s the
reason why every 4 years we have to add one more day to
our calendar. This year is called leap year.
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SEASONS
• The Seasons are not due to the elliptical orbit of Earth,
are due to the inclination of Earth´s axis.
• The Earth´s axis is inclined 23,5 degrees.
• This inclination, and the consequent incidence of the
sunrays and its exposure to the Earth are the cause of
the Seasons and the climate zones.
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SEASONS
• There are different climate zones on Earth:
• 2 Polar zones
• 2 Temperate zones
• 1 Warm zone
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THE 4 SEASONS
• 4 Key Dates:
• Spring Equinox 21st March
• Starts Spring in North and Autumn in South
• Summer Solstice 21st June
• Starts Summer in North and Winter in South
• Autumn Equinox 21st September
• Starts Autumn in North and Spring in South
• Winter Solstice 21st December
• Starts Winter in North and Summer in South
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EXERCISE
• Exercise about orbital movement
• Exercise 2,Page 14 Book (Homework)
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LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS
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LATITUDE
• Latitude is a geographic point that indicates the North or
South position from the Equator (remember that is the parallel
0º) to a position on Earth.
• This position is measured in degrees northward or southward.
Its value is between 0 and 90 degrees. Ex (5°N, 15°S)
• This imaginary lines, who runs parallels to equator, are called
PARALLELS
• Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise
location of features on the surface of the Earth.
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MAIN PARALLELS
• Equator - 0º
• In the northern hemisphere:
• Tropic of Cancer - 23° N.
• Arctic Circle - 66° N
• In the southern hemisphere:
• Tropic of Capricorn - 23° S.
• Antarctic Circle - 66° S
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LONGITUDE
• Longitude is a geographic point that indicates the West or East
position from a point of reference, that in this case is The
Greenwich Meridian (called Meridian 0º) to a position on Earth.
• This position is measured in degrees Westward or Eastward. Its
value is between 0 and 180 degrees (35°W, 60°E)
• This imaginary semicircle lines are called MERIDIANS
• Longitude is used together with latitude to specify the precise
location of features on the surface of the Earth.
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LONGITUDE
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• Locate these places in a Map.
Europe´s Map
• 60° N, 10° E
• 50º N, 20º E
• 50º N, 15º E
• 40° N, 50º E
• 50º N, 5° W
• 60° N, 30° E
• What is the Latitude/Longitude of
these cities? Spain´s Map
• Toledo
• Cuenca
• Ciudad Real
• Gerona
• Murcia
• Castellón
EXERCISES
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EXERCISES
• http://www.educaplay.com/es/recursoseducativos/39015/latitud___longitud.htm
• Locate these places in a Map. Homework?
• 0° Latitude , 78° Long W
• 33° Latitude S, 151 Long E
• 1º Latitude S, 36° Long E
• 34° Latitude N, 6° Long W
• Exercise 1, Page 16 Homework
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ORIENTATION IN A MAP.
MAPS, PROJECTIONS AND SCALES.
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ORIENTATION IN A MAP. CARDINAL POINTS
• The first thing that we need to know to use a map is the Cardinal Points. These points
are:
• North, represented as a N
• South, represented as a S
• East, represented as a E
• West, represented as a W
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SCALE
• A map is reduced representation of reality. The scale indicates the relation
between a distance drawn on the map and the same distance on the ground.
Are usually expressed in two ways.
• Numerical: As a fraction. The numerator indicates the distance on the
map and the denominator tells us its equivalent on the ground. For
example, 1:25.000 indicates that 1 cm on the map is equivalent to
25,000cm in reality
• Graphical: Using a graduated ruler, on each segment, the equivalent to
ground distance is indicated.
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MAPS: PROJECTIONS
• A map is a representation of the spherical Surface of the Earth, or a part of it,
on a flat Surface
• To be able to represent a curved surface on a map we use projections that
can translate the grid of parallels and meridians onto a flat surface.
• The most important projections are:
• Cylindrical
• Conical
• Projections onto a plane
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MAPS: PROJECTIONS
• Cylindrical Projection:
• It is the best method to represent the low latitudes between the equator
and the tropics. However, this kind of projection distorts the middle
latitudes and the poles.
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PETERS VS MERCATOR PROJECTION
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MAPS: PROJECTIONS
• Conical Projection:
• It is the most appropriate to represent the middle latitudes, between the
tropics and the polar circles. Distorts the low latitudes.
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MAPS: PROJECTIONS
• Projection onto a plane:
• It is the most appropriate method to represent the polar areas.
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Maps: Types
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MAPS: TYPES
• Topographic:
• Represent in detail the physical and human aspects of the territory: relief, water,
flora, communication routes, land use…
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MAPS: TYPES
• Thematic:
• Represent a specific geographical aspect such as climate, relief, population, etc…
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EXERCISES
• Page 15, Exercises 1, 2, 3,
• Exercise 4 Homework, Everyone have to print one example and bring it.
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