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GeographyThemes and Essential Elements
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What is Geography?
• Geography is the study of everything on Earth, from rocks and rainfall to people and places.
• Geographers study how the natural environment influences people, how people’s activities affect Earth, and how the world is changing.
• Geographers look at many different things including cities, cultures, plants, climate, and resources.
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Perspectives from Space • Satellite images have
provided additional resources for geographers using a spatial perspective in their study of Earth.
• Improvements in satellite technology and imagery now allow geographers to analyze climate and vegetation patterns over time.
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Analyze the Following Satellite Images Below
• What types of changes related to the effect of human actions on the environment might geographers observe in satellite images?
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Why use geography?
• Most jobs require the understanding of geography. An example is a restaurant owner must find a good location. Politicians need to know the geography of their districts. They must understand the issues that are important to the people in the area.
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Subfields of Geography
• Two well known subfields of geography are cartography and meteorology.
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Cartography
• Cartography is the study of maps and mapmaking. Maps are important because they help geographers study locations.
• Although some maps are still drawn by hand, computers have the completely changed mapmaking. A cartographer then creates a map on a computer.
• Cartographers work for companies that publish maps, atlases, newspapers, magazines, and books.
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Meteorology
• Another subfield of geography is meteorology. This is the study of the weather.
• Meteorologists forecast how the weather will develop so that people know what to expect.
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Modern Forecasting• What information is
presented in the following photographs?
• Why is accurate and timely information important?
• Who could possibly be effected by the changing weather presented? How?
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Regions
• Regions can be any size. Countries, deserts, and mountain ranges are examples of large regions.
• Smaller regions include suburbs and neighborhoods.
• Regions can also be divided into smaller areas called sub-regions.
• For example, the Great Plains is a sub-region within North America.
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Types of Regions
• There are three types of regions:– Formal Region– Functional Region– Perceptual Region
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Formal Regions
• Formal regions can be based on almost any feature or combination of features.
• Those features may include population, income levels, crops, temperature, or rainfall.
• Physical features might define a formal region, such as the Rocky Mountains in the western United States.
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Formal Regions
• For example, an industrial area in the northeastern and Midwestern United States is also a formal region.
• This region was once called the Rust Belt because so many old factories there had shut down.
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Functional Regions
• Functional regions are made up of different places that are linked together and function as a unit.
• An example of a functional region is a transit system.
• The flow of people, trains, subways, and buses link those places together.
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Functional Regions
• Many functional regions are organized around a central point.
• Surrounding areas are linked to this point. Shopping malls are an example.
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Perceptual Regions
• Human perception is the awareness and understanding of the environment around us.
• Our views are influenced not only by what is in a region but also by what is in us.
• Our ways of life and experiences influence how we perceive the world.
• Perceptual regions reflect human feelings and attitudes.
• An example is “back home.”
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Regional Perceptions
• What is your perception of California and Venice Beach?
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Regional Perceptions• What is your perception of
New Yorkers and the City of New York?
Quick group/class discussion:• Give three reasons you
would like to live in New York City.
• Give three reasons you would definitely want to live in New York City.
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Regional Perceptions
• What are your perceptions of the Corpus Christi area?
Quick group/class discussion:
• How do you think others perceive our city and the people from this area?
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Organizing the Globe
• We begin our study of geography by looking at a globe.
• A globe is a scale model of Earth.
• One of the first things you will notice on the globe is a pattern of lines.
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Map Grid
• These lines circle the globe in east-west and north-south directions.
• This pattern is called a grid.
• The grid is made up of lines of latitude and longitude.
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Latitude
• Lines of latitude are drawn in an east-west direction.
• Lines of latitude measure the degree of distance north or south of the equator.
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Longitude
• Lines of longitude are drawn in a north-south direction.
• As you see these lines of longitude extend from the north pole to the south pole.
• Lines of longitude measure the degree of distance east or west of the prime meridian.
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Latitude and Longitude
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Latitude and Longitude
• Lines of latitude measure distance north and south of the equator.
• The equator is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the Earth’s North Pole and South Pole.
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Parallels
• Lines of latitude are also called parallels.
• This is because they are always parallel to the equator and each other.
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Meridians
• Lines of longitude are also called meridians.
• They measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.
• This is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to Greenwich, England to the South Pole.
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Parallels and meridians measure distance in degrees. Degrees are further divided into minutes. There are 60
minutes in a degree.
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Measures of Longitude
• Lines of longitude range from 0 degrees on the Prime Meridian to 180 degrees on the meridian in the mid-Pacific Ocean.
• Meridians west of the prime meridian to 180 degrees are labeled with a W. Those east of the prime meridian are labeled with an E.
• Unlike lines of latitude, lines of longitude are not parallel to one another.
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Hemispheres
• The globe’s grid does more than help us locate places. • Geographers also use grid lines to organize the way we look
at the world. • For example the equator divides the globe into two halves or
hemispheres. • The half lying north of the equator is the Northern
Hemisphere and the southern half is the Southern Hemisphere.
• The United States is located in the northern hemisphere. Australia is located in the southern hemisphere.
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Northern Hemisphere
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Southern Hemisphere
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• The Prime Meridian and the 180 degree meridian divide the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere
• The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are officially divided in the Atlantic Ocean at 20 degrees W.
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• Due to this division along the Prime Meridian and 20 W, all of Europe and Africa are located in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Continents
• There are seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
• Asia, the largest continent, is five times the size of Australia, the smallest.
• Landmasses smaller than continents and surrounded by water are called islands.
• Greenland is the world’s largest island.
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Oceans
• The largest areas of water are the global oceans.
• Geographers divide these oceans into four areas: the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean.
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• The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean and the world’s largest geographic feature.
• It is more than 12 times the size of the smallest ocean, the Arctic.
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Gulf of Mexico• Smaller bodies of
water include seas, gulfs, and lakes.
• Gulfs and seas, such as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, are areas of salt water that are connected to larger oceans.
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• Geographers use maps to study the Earth.
• Maps are flat representations of all or parts of Earth’s surface.
• A collection of maps in one book is called an atlas.
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Distance Scales
• A map’s distance scale helps us determine real distances between points on a map.
• On large-scale maps objects are relatively large, whereas on small-scale maps objects are relatively small.
• Some may show just one or two miles while others illustrate a few hundred feet.
• Maps showing larger distances, may cover hundreds and thousands of miles.
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Compare the following maps. Which map has the larger scale? What types of information can you derive from each of the
maps?
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Directional Indicators
• A directional indicator shows which direction on a map are north, south, east, and west.
• Some mapmakers use a north arrow which points toward the North Pole.
• Most maps show direction with a compass rose.
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Compass Rose
• A compass rose has arrows that point to all four principal directions.
• What are the other arrows? What use do they have?
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Legends
• A map’s legend, or key, identifies the symbols on a map and what they represent.
• They may show colors, shapes, or symbols to represent many different kinds of features on a map.
• What types of information can you obtain from the legend?
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Inset Map
• An inset map is another special element. • Inset maps are used to focus in on a smaller part of a
larger map. • Some inset maps also show areas that are far away
from the main areas of the whole map.
• Analyze the inset map which follows. What advantages does this type of map present?
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Climate and Precipitation Maps• Some mapmakers
use maps to show weather patterns and atmospheric conditions.
• Climate maps use color to show various climate regions of the world.
• Where would you want to live?
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Precipitation Maps• Precipitation maps show average amount
precipitation that a region gets each year. • Precipitation refers to condensed droplets of water
that fall as rain, sleet, hail, or snow. • Each map’s legend uses color to identify those
amounts. • By using the legends, you can see which areas
receive the most precipitation.
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• What predictions could you make regarding population growth, trade, and agriculture based on the following data?
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What predications could you make about migration, economic, industrialization patterns?
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Population Maps • Population maps give you a snapshot of distribution of people in a region.
• Each color may represent an average number of people living within a square mile.
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Based on the information below, where do you think the greatest population densities occur?
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Economic Maps• Economic maps
show a region’s important natural resources and the ways in which land is used.
• Some maps will show where land is used for farming or other economic activities.
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Which states export the most based on the data below?
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Elevation Profiles
• Some maps focus on an area’s land features. • For example, you can see that each physical
map in this textbook uses color to show land elevations.
• Elevation is the height of the land above sea level.
• Each color represents a different elevation.
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• An elevation profile shows a side view of a place or area.
• Vertical distances are measured top-bottom, while horizontal distances are measured left –right.
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Elevation Profile• What information can you get from the profile
below:
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Topographic Maps• The purpose of
some maps is to show just the topography, elevation, layout, and shapes of the land.
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Topographic Map
• What information can you determine from the topographic map?
• Where are the highest areas in South America?
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Contour Map
• A special kind of topographical map is called a contour map.
• Contour maps provide a way of looking at the shapes of land in an area.
• They use contour lines to connect points of equal elevation above or below sea level.
• The closer the lines are to each other, the steeper the land.
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Contour Map• What can you
determine about the slope of the mountain by the contour information provided?
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Climate Graphs
• Climate graphs show the average temperatures and precipitation in a place.